多能干细胞源类器官研究进展

doi:10.19543/j.cnki.1673-4556.20260629.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

多能干细胞主要来源于胚胎干细胞与诱导多能干细胞，其中胚胎干细胞虽具备无限增殖与多向分化的潜能，但其应用饱受伦理问题的制约。近年来，多能干细胞与三维类器官技术进行了深度的融合，使体外模型研究正式迈入了“类生理”时代。该技术率先在人类医学领域打开了突破口，目前正在通过跨物种的技术迁移，为畜禽领域的抗病育种提供可参照的技术范本。在此背景下，本文聚焦于多能干细胞源类器官，首先重点回顾了Wnt、BMP及TGF-β等关键的发育信号通路，研究人员需要根据拟构建的类器官类型对上述通路进行差异化调控，比如诱导多能干细胞向大脑类器官的神经诱导，需要同时阻断BMP和TGF-β信号通路。此外，本文阐述了神经、心脏、肺等复杂类器官的疾病病理机制建模进展，并探讨了各类器官在感染与肿瘤模型构建、药物筛选以及毒性评估等方面的前沿应用，重点阐述了其在模拟疾病过程、揭示致病机制、开发新型疗法及评价药物安全性中的关键作用，梳理了近年来类器官培养体系的创新技术方法与进展，并结合当前畜禽多能干细胞源类器官在模型构建中所面临的技术挑战，提出应借鉴人源类器官在复杂疾病建模中的成熟经验，为畜禽种业在抗病育种、优良性状筛选等方面的可持续发展提供了崭新的研究手段与技术支撑。

关键词: 多能干细胞源类器官, 模型构建, 疾病模拟

Abstract:

Pluripotent stem cells are mainly derived from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. Although embryonic stem cells have the potential of infinite proliferation and multi-directional differentiation, their application is restricted by ethical issues. In recent years, the deep integration of pluripotent stem cells and three-dimensional organoid technology has made in vitro model research officially enter the era of "quasi-physiology". This technology is the first to open a breakthrough in the field of human medicine. At present, it is providing a technical model for disease resistance breeding in the field of livestock and poultry through cross-species technology migration. In this context, this article focuses on the organoids derived from pluripotent stem cells. First, it focuses on reviewing key developmental signaling pathways such as Wnt, BMP, and TGF-β. Researchers need to differentially regulate the above pathways according to the types of organoids to be constructed. For example, when inducing neural induction of pluripotent stem cells into brain organoids, it is necessary to simultaneously block the BMP and TGF-β signaling pathways. In addition, this paper reviews the progress in the modeling of the pathological mechanisms of diseases in complex organs such as nerves, heart, and lungs, and discusses the frontier applications of various organs in the construction of infection and tumor models, drug screening, and toxicity assessment. It focuses on its key role in simulating disease processes, revealing pathogenic mechanisms, developing new therapies, and evaluating drug safety, and carefully reviews the innovative technical methods and progress of organoid culture systems in recent years. Combined with the current technical challenges faced by animal pluripotent stem cell-derived organs in model construction, it is proposed that the mature experience of human-derived organs in complex disease modeling should be used for reference. It provides a new research method and technical support for the sustainable development of livestock and poultry breeding in disease resistance breeding and excellent trait screening.

Key words: Pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids, Model construction, Disease simulation

中图分类号:

李雪婷, 李剑南, 华进联. 多能干细胞源类器官研究进展[J]. 中国畜禽种业, 2026, 22(9): 85-94.

Xueting Li, Jiannan Li, Jinlian Hua. Research progress on pluripotent stem cell-derived organoids[J]. Chinese Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 2026, 22(9): 85-94.

图/表 2

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