家畜多能干细胞向雄性生殖细胞分化的研究进展

doi:10.19543/j.cnki.1673-4556.20260727.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

传统家畜育种模式依赖自然繁殖和表型选择，存在世代间隔长、遗传进展缓慢、难以利用不育或已死亡个体的优良遗传物质等局限。近年来，随着干细胞生物学及表观遗传调控机制研究的深入，利用多能干细胞（Pluripotent stem cells， PSCs）在体外重建配子发生过程，已成为动物遗传育种领域具有突破性的前沿方向之一。当前，促使家畜PSCs向雄性生殖细胞分化的策略可归为三类：细胞因子分步诱导、共培养与微环境模拟，以及导入关键基因定向诱导。尽管这些策略在标志物检测和形态学上已获一定验证，但仍面临分化效率低下、细胞异质性高、所获细胞功能成熟度不足等问题。家畜PSCs具有明显的物种特异性，小鼠和人类细胞常用的培养体系无法直接应用于猪、牛、羊等物种；其多能性维持依赖不同信号通路的组合情况，起始细胞状态各异，致使不同物种间的分化方案难以通用，目前尚缺乏一套公认的标准化流程。此外，技术复杂性与伦理争议等挑战也制约了其规模化应用。未来的突破方向可着眼于：根据物种特有的信号调控图谱研发定制化分化培养基，以摆脱经验式试错的局限；同时结合微流控与类器官芯片技术，将动态物理信号与生化因子调控相协同，从而提升分化过程的精准度。本文系统总结了上述三类策略在家畜中的研究进展，剖析了当前面临的关键难题，并提出了未来的突破方向，以期为后续相关研究提供理论参考。

关键词: 家畜, 多能干细胞, 雄性生殖细胞, 定向分化

Abstract:

The traditional livestock breeding model relies on natural reproduction and phenotypic selection, which has limitations such as long generation interval, slow genetic progress, and difficulty in utilizing the excellent genetic material of sterile or dead individuals. In recent years, with the in-depth study of stem cell biology and epigenetic regulation mechanism, the use of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to reconstruct the gametogenesis process in vitro has become one of the breakthrough frontiers in the field of animal genetics and breeding. At present, the strategies for promoting the differentiation of livestock PSCs into male germ cells can be classified into three categories: step-by-step induction of cytokines, co-culture and microenvironment simulation, and directional induction of key genes. Although these strategies have been verified in marker detection and morphology, they still face problems such as low differentiation efficiency, high cell heterogeneity, and insufficient functional maturity of the obtained cells. Livestock PSCs have obvious species specificity, and the culture systems commonly used in mice and human cells cannot be directly applied to species such as pigs, cattle, and sheep. The maintenance of its pluripotency depends on the combination of different signaling pathways, and the initial cell state is different, which makes it difficult to universalize the differentiation programs between different species. At present, there is still a lack of a recognized standardized process. In addition, challenges such as technical complexity and ethical disputes also restrict its large-scale application. The future breakthrough direction can be focused on: developing customized differentiation medium according to the specific signal regulation map of species, so as to get rid of the limitation of empirical trial and error; at the same time, combined with microfluidic and organoid chip technology, the dynamic physical signals are coordinated with the regulation of biochemical factors, thereby improving the accuracy of the differentiation process. This paper systematically summarizes the research progress of the above three strategies in livestock, analyzes the key problems currently faced, and puts forward the future breakthrough direction, in order to provide theoretical reference for the follow-up research.

Key words: Livestock, Pluripotent stem cells, Male germ cells, Directional differentiation

中图分类号:

赵晴, 赵志炎, 李雪玲. 家畜多能干细胞向雄性生殖细胞分化的研究进展[J]. 中国畜禽种业, 2026, 22(9): 103-112.

Qing Zhao, Zhiyan Zhao, Xueling Li. Research progress on the differentiation of domestic animal pluripotent stem cells into male germ cells[J]. Chinese Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 2026, 22(9): 103-112.

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