我国牛种质资源现状及其保护与利用模式

doi:10.19543/j.cnki.1673-4556.20260813.005

Abstract

Abstract:

The effective conservation and rational utilization of bovine germplasm resources constitute a strategic cornerstone for ensuring the sustainable development of animal husbandry and safeguarding national food security in China. In recent years, large-scale introduction of specialized exotic breeds and their extensive crossbreeding with indigenous populations have improved production performance to a certain extent, yet have simultaneously resulted in reduced population sizes and loss of genetic diversity among local breeds, thereby constraining the efficient preservation and utilization of advantageous traits. Therefore, based on the 148 bovine breeds currently existing in China, the compositional status, conservation technology framework, and innovative utilization models of bovine germplasm resources are systematically reviewed, and the strengths and deficiencies of the current conservation technology system are analyzed. At present, in terms of conservation infrastructure, a collaborative in situ and ex situ network comprising national-level conservation farms, protected areas, and gene banks has been established, and in vitro preservation techniques including somatic cell banking and DNA genomic libraries have been employed, thereby enabling long-term backup of genetic materials and germplasm reconstitution. At the utilization level, purebred breeding and pedigree rejuvenation have continuously consolidated the desirable traits of indigenous breeds, and industrial development and brand building based on characteristic breeds have been carried out, effectively transforming resource advantages into economic benefits. However, current conservation and utilization efforts face technical bottlenecks including the unresolved mechanisms of cryopreservation injury, viability decline of genetic materials during long-term storage, imminent extinction risks of indigenous breeds due to population shrinkage, as well as insufficient funding and shortage of specialized personnel. To address these issues, an integrated closed-loop pathway encompassing conservation, research, and utilization is proposed, which involves developing novel cryoprotectants and desiccation preservation techniques, establishing intelligent management systems based on the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence, improving policy frameworks and long-term financial support mechanisms, and deepening industry-academia-research collaborative innovation, with the aim of providing a reference for the scientific management of bovine germplasm resources and the revitalization of the seed industry in China.

Key words: Cattle breeds, Germplasm resources, Conservation system, Purebred breeding, Utilization of crossbreeding

CLC Number:

S823

Jing Wang, Yaping Song, Dongmei Yang, Hongfang Gong, Yi Fang, Yongzhen Huang, Yun Ma, Dawei Wei. Current status, conservation, and utilization strategies of bovine germplasm resources in China[J].Chinese Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 2026, 22(10): 72-85.

Figures/Tables 6

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References 84

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品种大类Breed category	主要分类Major classification	代表品种举例Representative breed examples
普通牛 Bos taurus	地方品种(61个)	秦川牛、南阳牛、鲁西牛、晋南牛、延边牛、冀南牛、空山牛、天台牛等
	培育品种(11个)	中国荷斯坦牛、中国西门塔尔牛、三河牛、新疆褐牛、夏南牛、华西牛等
	引入品种(15个)	荷斯坦牛、西门塔尔牛、安格斯牛、夏洛来牛、瑞士褐牛、挪威红牛等
水牛 Bubalus bubalis	地方品种(27个)	海子水牛、温州水牛、盐津水牛、滨湖水牛、江汉水牛、上海水牛等
水牛 Bubalus bubalis	引入品种(3个)	摩拉水牛、尼里-拉菲水牛、地中海水牛
牦牛 Bos grunniens	地方品种(27个)	青海高原牦牛、天祝白牦牛、帕米尔牦牛、美仁牦牛、肃北牦牛等
牦牛 Bos grunniens	培育品种(2个)	大通牦牛、阿什旦牦牛
其他 Others	瘤牛(1个)	婆罗门牛
其他 Others	大额牛(1个)	独龙牛

牛种 Cattle species	类型Type	第一次资源调查First resource survey	第二次资源调查Second resource survey	第三次资源调查(截至2025年）Third resource survey (as of 2025)	新增Newly added	新增品种 Newly added breeds
普通牛Bos taurus	地方品种	28	53	61	8	皖东牛、夷陵牛、江城黄牛、空山牛、天台牛、红河牛、陆丰牛、湘南牛
水牛Bubalus bubalis	培育品种	4	8	11	3	华西牛、云岭牛、蜀宣花牛
	引入品种	5	11	15	4	和牛、比利时蓝牛、瑞士褐牛、挪威红牛
	地方品种	1	26	27	1	上海水牛
	引入品种	2	2	3	1	地中海水牛
牦牛Bos grunniens	地方品种	5	11	27	16	巴州牦牛、金川牦牛、昌台牦牛、类乌齐牦牛、环湖牦牛、雪多牦牛、玉树牦牛、帕米尔牦牛、查吾拉牦牛、亚丁牦牛、肃南牦牛、美仁牦牛、肃北牦牛、江达牦牛、吉拉牦牛、久治牦牛
牦牛Bos grunniens	引入品种	0	1	2	1	阿什旦牦牛
大额牛Bos frontalis	地方品种	0	1	1	0	-
瘤牛Bos indicus	引入品种	0	0	1	1	婆罗门牛
总计Total		45	113	148	35	-

品种类别 Breed category	品种名称 Breed name	主要分布区域/特点 Main distribution area / Characteristics
普通牛Bos taurus	冀南牛	河北省南部；耐粗饲，抗病强，役肉兼用
	天台牛	浙江省天台县；体型紧凑，肉质细嫩
	川南山地牛	四川省南部山区；抗逆性强，耐粗放
	柴达木牛	青海省柴达木盆地；耐寒耐旱，适应高原
	夷陵牛	湖北宜昌夷陵区等地；耐热耐湿，繁殖稳定
	枣北牛	湖北省枣阳市等地；性情温顺，适应性广
	涠洲牛	广西北海涠洲岛；适应海岛湿热，抗逆性强
	峨边花牛	四川峨边、马边、金口河；毛色独特，肉质好
	三江牛	四川甘孜阿坝三江流域；耐寒耐湿，适配高原
	平武牛	四川平武、北川；行动灵活，耐粗抗病
	关岭牛	贵州关岭、镇宁、兴仁；耐热耐旱
	文山牛	云南文山州；适应性强，繁殖率高
牦牛Bos grunniens	帕米尔牦牛	新疆帕米尔高原；适应高寒荒漠环境，性情温顺

序号No.	名称Name	建设单位Construction institution
1	国家家畜基因库	全国畜牧总站
2	天祝白牦牛国家保护区	甘肃省天祝白牦牛育种实验场
3	帕里牦牛国家保护区	亚东帕里牦牛原种场
4	渤海黑牛国家保护区	山东省棣牛良种繁育有限公司
5	国家晋南牛保种场	运城市国家级晋南牛遗传资源基因保护中心
6	国家蒙古牛保种场	阿拉善左旗绿森种牛场
7	国家复州牛保种场	瓦房店市种牛场
8	国家延边牛保种场	延边东盛黄牛资源保种有限公司
9	国家海子水牛保种场	射阳县种牛场
10	国家海子水牛保种场	东台市种畜场
11	国家温州水牛保种场	平阳县挺志温州水牛乳业有限公司
12	国家渤海黑牛保种场	山东无棣华兴渤海黑牛种业股份有限公司
13	国家鲁西牛保种场	鄄城鸿翔牧业有限公司
14	国家鲁西牛保种场	山东科龙畜牧产业有限公司
15	国家南阳牛保种场	南阳市黄牛良种繁育场
16	国家郏县红牛保种场	平顶山市羴牛畜禽良种繁育有限公司
17	国家湘西牛保种场	湖南德农牧业集团有限公司
18	国家雷琼牛保种场	湛江市麻章区畜牧技术推广站
19	国家九龙牦牛保种场	四川省甘孜州九龙牦牛良种繁育场
20	国家独龙牛保种场	贡山县独龙牛种牛场
21	国家槟榔江水牛保种场	腾冲市巴福乐槟榔江水牛良种繁育有限公司
22	国家秦川牛保种场	陕西省农牧良种场
23	国家甘南牦牛保种场	玛曲县阿孜畜牧科技示范园区
24	国家青海高原牦牛保种场	青海省大通种牛场
25	国家延边牛保种场	珲春市吉兴牧业有限公司
26	国家温岭高峰牛保种场	温岭市农业农村发展有限公司

Current status, conservation, and utilization strategies of bovine germplasm resources in China

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