黑龙江省肉牛遗传改良发展历程、现状及对策

doi:10.19543/j.cnki.1673-4556.20260916.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

黑龙江省肉牛产业在全国占据重要战略地位，其小规模母牛养殖主体数量众多，牛肉产量指标稳居前五，高端肉牛产业特色鲜明，已然成为全国肉牛供应体系中的核心力量。本文系统梳理了黑龙江省肉牛遗传改良近50年的发展历程，20世纪70年代以政府牵动早期引种和冻精推广为起点，历经80年代乳肉兼营模式转型，至90年代末肉用改良群体的初步形成。进入21世纪，因杂交优势递减及育肥技术制约，改良进程步入瓶颈期，由此推动多元引种与高端转型，改良目标从增产增效向提质增效转变，逐步构建起以西门塔尔牛自主制种能力提升为主体、和牛与安格斯牛高端肉用品种全产业链开发为两翼的多元发展格局。2025年，省级遗传改良计划正式出台，为未来十年发展奠定政策框架。然而，对标国内先进省份及国际前沿水平，黑龙江省肉牛遗传改良仍面临诸多突出短板：育种目标与市场需求、区域产业定位衔接不畅，政策机制支撑薄弱、技术储备不足，人才队伍建设滞后、协同转化机制尚未形成。面向未来，亟须明确育种目标与改良方向，构建主导品种与特色品种协同发展体系；强化政策保障与科技支撑，确保遗传改良计划有效实施；加强人才队伍建设，促进产学研用深度融合。

关键词: 黑龙江省, 肉牛, 遗传改良, 发展历程, 对策

Abstract:

Heilongjiang Province holds a strategically significant position in China's beef cattle industry, with a large number of small-scale cow-calf operations, and its beef production has consistently ranked among the top five nationwide. Its distinctive high-end beef cattle sector has established the province as a core pillar of the national beef supply system. This paper systematically reviews the 50-year evolution of beef cattle genetic improvement in Heilongjiang Province.The process began in the 1970s with government-led early-stage breed introduction and frozen semen promotion, transitioned through a dual-purpose (milk-and-meat) production model in the 1980s, and culminated in the preliminary formation of beef-type improvement populations by the late 1990s. Entering the 21st century, diminishing heterosis and constraints in feedlot technology ushered in a bottleneck period, prompting diversified breed introduction and a strategic shift toward high-end production. Consequently, improvement objectives transitioned from yield- and efficiency-driven to quality-driven goals, gradually establishing a multi-dimensional development framework centered on enhancing independent seedstock production capacity for Simmental cattle, complemented by the development of full-industry-chain systems for high-end beef breeds, namely Wagyu and Angus. In 2025, the provincial genetic improvement plan was formally promulgated, laying the policy groundwork for the coming decade. Nevertheless, relative to advanced domestic provinces and international frontier levels, genetic improvement in Heilongjiang still confronts salient deficiencies: poor alignment of breeding objectives with market demand and regional industrial positioning, weak policy and institutional support, insufficient technological reserves, lagging talent team development, and the absence of a collaborative mechanism for research translation and application. Looking ahead, it is imperative to clarify breeding objectives and improvement directions, establish a coordinated development system integrating dominant and characteristic breeds, strengthen policy safeguards and technological support to ensure effective implementation of the genetic improvement plan, and reinforce talent development to foster deep integration among industry, academia, and research.

Key words: Heilongjiang Province, Beef cattle, Genetic improvement, Historical process, Countermeasures

中图分类号:

S823

刘利, 孙芳, 韩冬, 王春微, 卜也. 黑龙江省肉牛遗传改良发展历程、现状及对策[J]. 中国畜禽种业, 2026, 22(10): 64-71.

Li Liu, Fang Sun, Dong Han, Chunwei Wang, Ye Bu. Development history, current status, and countermeasures of beef cattle genetic improvement in Heilongjiang Province[J]. Chinese Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 2026, 22(10): 64-71.

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时期 Period	地区 Region	品种 Breed	各阶段体重Body weight at different stages/kg
时期 Period	地区 Region	品种 Breed	初生	6月龄	12月龄	18月龄	体高	体长	胸围
20世纪70年代^[5] The 1970s	农村	本地	21.8	116.4	134.4	201	/	/	/
		西杂	32	159	200	277.3	/	/	/
		夏杂	31	159.6	185	275.1	/	/	/
20世纪80年代^[7] The 1980s	宾县农村	本地	25	114.8	151.3	204.4	108.7	118.2	144.3
20世纪80年代^[7] The 1980s	宾县农村	夏杂	35.2	153.4	243.2	267	116.8	130.9	156.9
20世纪90年代^[10-11] The 1990s	哈尔滨农村	本地	19.2	100.2	140.4	200.5	105.4	114.6	140.5
20世纪90年代^[10-11] The 1990s	哈尔滨农村	夏杂	31.6	120	208.1	273.3	115	130	156.4
2000—2010年^[15-16] From 2000 to 2010	牡丹江育肥场	本地	24.5	107.8	168.5	279.8	110.8	114.3	156.6
		西杂	34.8	160.3	236.8	422.1	127.4	122.3	186.4
		夏杂	37.1	171.2	258.3	466.1	127.3	132.6	187.9
	北大荒农垦育肥场	本西夏	44.6	209.2	359	527.8	140.9	/	190.8
	北大荒农垦育肥场	西杂	30.5	130	267.4	484.4	127.8	/	181.9
2020至今^[18-20] From 2020 to the present	北大荒农垦	西杂（母）	41.2	/	329.7	474.2	126.5	/	188.4
2020至今^[18-20] From 2020 to the present	龙江县	和荷	35.26	208.8	344.1	507.1	134.9	/	197.2

年份 Years	地区 Region	品种 Breed	各阶段体重Body weight at different stages/kg				18月龄18 months/cm
年份 Years	地区 Region	品种 Breed	初生	6月龄	12月龄	18月龄	体高	体斜长	胸围
1984	黑龙江^[2]	西门塔尔牛	40.4	199.4	262	372.9	130	162.1	187.1
2019	北大荒农垦^[21]		41.1	/	384.4	507.5	131.2	147.5	195.7
2025	肇东		41.3	259.5	404.8	504.5	130	171.5	187
2026	全国^[25]		40.2	190	333.8	414.7	129.3	149.6	190.1
2025	龙江县	和牛	30	162	276	400	120	141	173
2025	孙吴县	安格斯牛	32	168.4	304.7	440.2	111.4	130.6	148.2

时期Period	引进品种Introduced breeds	改良方向Direction of improvement	推动主体Driving entity	改良成效Improvement achievements
20世纪70年代The 1970s	夏洛来牛、西门塔尔牛、利木赞牛、海福特牛、安格斯牛	由役用转为肉用	政府、市场	体型外貌和生长发育得到显著改善
20世纪80年代The 1980s	乳肉兼用型西门塔尔牛、夏洛来牛	乳肉兼用	政府、市场	西杂牛毛色黄（红）花占比77.8%、产奶量得到显著提升
20世纪90年代The 1990s	夏洛来牛、西门塔尔牛、利木赞牛	肉用	市场、政府	生长速度得到提升、改良群体扩大、多品种、特色区域发展
2000—2010年From 2000 to 2010	夏洛来牛、西门塔尔牛、利木赞牛、比利时蓝牛	肉用	市场、企业、政府	三元杂交+育肥技术，提高产肉性能
2010至今From 2010 to the present	西门塔尔牛、华西牛、和牛、安格斯牛	乳肉兼用、肉用	市场、企业、政府	构建多元核心群、种质输出、发展高端特色品种