中国黄牛保种、选育及产业化利用现状与发展建议

doi:10.19543/j.cnki.1673-4556.20260608.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地方黄牛是我国重要的畜禽遗传资源，是我国特色肉牛产业发展和种业自主创新的重要种质基础。近年来，我国地方黄牛资源保护体系不断完善，保种利用和遗传改良工作持续推进，地方黄牛由单纯资源保护向保护与开发并重转变的趋势日益明显。但地方黄牛发展仍面临纯种资源缩减、肉用性能不足、优质不优价、育种规划与繁育体系不够健全、现代育种技术应用基础薄弱以及产业化开发水平不高等问题，资源优势尚未充分转化为种业优势和产业优势。本文围绕我国地方黄牛种质资源现状、保种与利用进展、遗传改良与开发利用现状、存在的主要问题及发展策略进行系统综述，重点讨论地方黄牛在本品种选育、杂交改良和分子育种应用等方面的研究进展与现实瓶颈，旨在为地方黄牛高质量发展提供思路与建议。

关键词: 地方黄牛, 种质资源, 遗传改良, 本品种选育, 肉牛产业

Abstract:

Chinese yellow cattle are important livestock genetic resources in China and provide a fundamental germplasm basis for the development of the characteristic beef cattle industry and independent breeding innovation. This review systematically summarized the current status of germplasm resources of Chinese yellow cattle, as well as the recent progress in conservation, utilization, genetic improvement, and industrial development. The review focused on the research advances and practical constraints in within-breed breeding, crossbreeding improvement, and molecular breeding application, and analyzed the main problems and development needs in the utilization of these resources. The results showed that the conservation system for Chinese yellow cattle resources has been continuously improved in recent years, and related work on conservation, utilization, and breeding has progressed steadily. The development of Chinese yellow cattle has gradually shifted from resource conservation alone to equal emphasis on conservation and utilization. However, several problems still restrict their high-quality development, including the reduction of purebred resources, insufficient beef production performance, the failure of high-quality products to obtain premium market value, incomplete breeding planning and multiplication systems, a weak foundation for the application of modern breeding technologies, and a relatively low level of industrial utilization. At present, the resource advantages of Chinese yellow cattle have not been fully transformed into breeding and industrial advantages. Therefore, future efforts should strengthen systematic conservation of germplasm resources, improve within-breed breeding and crossbreeding systems, accelerate the application of molecular breeding technologies, and promote the coordinated development of conservation, breeding, and industrial utilization, to support the high-quality development of Chinese yellow cattle.

Key words: Local yellow cattle, Germplasm resources, Genetic improvement, Within-breed selection, Beef cattle industry

中图分类号:

S823

杨武才, 杨本顺, 刘文杰, 周正海, 谭建兵, 孔贤亚, 昝林森. 中国黄牛保种、选育及产业化利用现状与发展建议[J]. 中国畜禽种业, 2026, 22(8): 79-89.

Wucai Yang, Benshun Yang, Wenjie Liu, Zhenghai Zhou, Jianbing Tan, Xianya Kong, Linsen Zan. Current status and development recommendations of conservation, breeding, and industrial utilization of Chinese yellow cattle[J]. Chinese Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 2026, 22(8): 79-89.

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牛种Cattle group	类型Type	第一次资源普查First resource census	第二次资源调查Second resource survey	第三次资源普查Third resource census
普通牛Bos taurus	地方品种	28	53	58
	培育品种	4	8	11
	引入品种	5	11	15
总计Total		37	72	84

序号 NO.	省级行政区 Provincial-level administrative region	品种数量 Number of breeds	品种名称 Breed name
1	陕西省	2	秦川牛、巴山牛
2	河南省	2	南阳牛、郏县红牛
3	山东省	3	鲁西牛、渤海黑牛、蒙山牛
4	山西省	2	晋南牛、平陆山地牛
5	吉林省	1	延边牛
6	河北省	2	冀南牛、太行牛
7	内蒙古自治区	1	蒙古牛
8	辽宁省	1	复州牛
9	江苏省	1	徐州牛
10	浙江省	3	温岭高峰牛、舟山牛、天台牛
11	湖北省	5	大别山牛、枣北牛、巫陵牛、巴山牛、夷陵牛
12	安徽省	3	皖南牛、皖东牛、大别山牛
13	福建省	1	闽南牛
14	江西省	3	广丰牛、吉安牛、锦江牛
15	湖南省	1	巫陵牛
16	贵州省	5	巫陵牛、务川黑牛、黎平牛、威宁牛、关岭牛
17	海南省	1	雷琼牛
18	广东省	1	雷琼牛
19	广西壮族自治区	3	隆林牛、南丹牛、涠洲牛
20	四川省	8	空山牛、巴山牛、凉山牛、峨边花牛、平武牛、甘孜藏牛、三江牛、川南山地牛
21	云南省	7	邓川牛、迪庆牛、滇中牛、江城牛、昭通牛、文山牛、云南高峰牛
22	西藏自治区	4	西藏牛、樟木牛、阿沛甲咂牛、日喀则驼峰牛
23	青海省	1	柴达木牛
24	新疆维吾尔自治区	2	哈萨克牛、阿勒泰白头牛
25	台湾省	1	台湾牛

品种 Breed	性能指标Performance trait	选育前 Before breeding	选育后 After breeding	提升幅度 Improvement rate/%	数据来源 Data source
延边牛 Yanbian cattle	日增重	0.55 kg	0.81 kg	47.27	[47-49]
	胴体重	186.80 kg	265.80 kg	42.29
	屠宰率	52.80%	57.70%	9.28
	净肉率	40.90%	47.23%	15.48
鲁西牛 Luxi cattle	日增重	0.60 kg	0.93 kg	55.00	[50-52]
	胴体重	274.30 kg	384.97 kg	40.34
	屠宰率	55.40%	58.68%	5.29
	净肉率	47.60%	53.46%	12.31
秦川牛 Qinchuan cattle	日增重	0.52 kg	1.09 kg	109.62	[45,53]
	眼肌面积	56.40 cm²	74.98 cm²	32.94
	屠宰率	50.40%	62.39%	23.79
	净肉率	39.10%	51.69%	32.20
南阳牛 Nanyang cattle	日增重	0.81 kg	1.03 kg	27.16	[54-56]
	眼肌面积	60.90 cm²	102.30 cm²	68.01
	屠宰率	52.20%	59.50%	13.98
	净肉率	43.60%	50.80%	16.51
关岭牛 Guanling cattle	初生重	16.40 kg	23.39 kg	42.62	[57-58]
	眼肌面积	59.25 cm²	81.50 cm²	37.55
	屠宰率	50.10%	53.90%	7.59
	净肉率	40.66%	42.00%	3.30
文山牛 Wenshan cattle	初生重	18.94 kg	21.92 kg	15.73	[59]
	胴体重	136.30 kg	306.85 kg	125.13
	屠宰率	44.90%	60.23%	34.14
	净肉率	36.80%	49.78%	35.27

发布年份 Release year	芯片名称 Chip name	研发单位 Developing institution	适用品种或区域 Applicable breeds or regions	芯片类型/密度 Chip type/density/K	应用方向 Application areas
2021	中国黄牛600 K高密度SNPs固相芯片	西北农林科技大学	中国黄牛	SNPs固相芯片/600	遗传图谱解析、全基因组选择、功能位点挖掘
2024	楚牛一号	武汉轻工大学、武汉市农业科学院	湖北黄牛	SNPs液相芯片/40	品种鉴定、系谱校正、产肉和繁殖性状基因鉴定
2025	中国黄牛1号	西北农林科技大学	中国黄牛	SNPs液相芯片/50	生长、肉质、繁殖、抗病等关键性状选择
2025	空山牛1号	四川省畜牧科学研究院牛业科学研究所、巴中市农林科学研究院等	空山牛	SNPs液相芯片/50	地方品种精准选育与资源评价
2025	文山牛1号	云南农业大学、北京康普森农业科技有限公司	文山牛	SNPs液相芯片/50	分子育种、遗传改良
2025	延边黄牛HQ-50K-V1	延边大学、延边弘朝集团、延边黄牛研究院等	延边黄牛	SNPs固相芯片/50	高品质肉用性状预测
2025	豫牛一号	河南省农业科学院、北京康普森农业科技有限公司	河南地方肉牛	SNPs固相芯片/50	全基因组选择、功能基因挖掘、品种鉴定、资源保护
2025	相牛1号	内蒙古民族大学、内蒙古农业大学、内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院等	蒙古牛	SNPs液相芯片/10	毛色、繁殖、肉品质、产奶及疾病健康相关性状选择