国际肉牛育种进展对我国地方黄牛遗传改良的启示

doi:10.19543/j.cnki.1673-4556.20260716.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

种业作为畜牧业生产的顶端环节，对产业发展的贡献率超过40%，是国家战略性、基础性核心产业。加强肉牛种业自主创新，是突破我国养殖业“大而不强”困境、缓解肉牛产业供给不足与成本压力的关键。然而，我国肉牛产业起步晚、起点低，长期依赖引进国外品种进行杂交改良，导致“良种化”异化为“洋种化”，地方黄牛种群萎缩、杂交混乱等问题突出。尽管多方努力，种源依赖进口的格局仍未根本扭转，对国家种业安全构成严峻挑战。我国拥有丰富的肉牛种质资源，地方黄牛品种达58个，大多具备耐粗饲、抗逆性强、肉质优良等独特优势，是打造特色肉牛产业、振兴民族种业的宝贵材料。但由于长期缺乏系统性保护、评价与育种投入，地方黄牛的品种选育与创新利用进展缓慢，联合育种体系薄弱，技术装备和基础设施与国际先进水平相比差距较大，难以支撑现代肉牛产业高质量发展需求。本文旨在论述国际肉牛育种的最新进展，解析我国地方黄牛育种存在的关键问题，探讨面向未来的育种创新路径。本文认为，破解我国肉牛种业困境的关键在于扭转“良种化即洋种化”的路径依赖，以地方黄牛特色基因挖掘为突破口，以联合育种体系与大数据平台为技术支撑，走技术自主、资源特色与组织创新协同推进的自主育种道路。

关键词: 肉牛, 遗传改良, 联合育种, 种质资源, 本品种选育

Abstract:

As a foundational segment of the livestock industry, the beef cattle breeding sector contributed over 40% to the industry's development and represented a strategically vital and fundamentally core industry for the nation. Enhancing the independent innovation capability of livestock and poultry breeding was crucial for overcoming the "large but not strong" predicament of China's animal husbandry sector and for alleviating the issues of insufficient supply and high production costs in the beef cattle industry. However, China's beef cattle industry developed relatively late and from a limited foundation, and has long depended on the introduction of foreign breeds for crossbreeding improvement. This dependence led to the misconception that genetic improvement was synonymous with the use of exotic breeds, resulting in the decline of local yellow cattle populations and widespread disorder in crossbreeding practices. Despite considerable efforts, reliance on imported genetic resources has not been fundamentally reduced, posing a serious threat to national breeding security. China possessed abundant genetic resources for beef cattle, with 58 local yellow cattle breeds. Most of these breeds had unique advantages such as tolerance to roughage, strong stress resistance, and excellent meat quality, making them valuable materials for developing a distinctive beef cattle industry and revitalizing the national breeding sector. However, due to a long-term lack of systematic conservation, evaluation, and breeding investment, the progress in purebred selection and innovative utilization of local yellow cattle was slow. The weak joint breeding system, coupled with technological equipment and infrastructure lagged behind international advanced levels, and struggled to support the high-quality development of the modern beef cattle industry. This paper aimed to discuss the latest advancements in international beef cattle breeding, analyzed the key issues existing in the breeding of China's local yellow cattle, and explored future-oriented innovative pathways for genetic improvement. The review suggested that overcoming the current challenges in China's beef cattle breeding industry required breaking away from the path dependence of equating genetic improvement with the introduction of foreign breeds. It further highlighted the importance of exploiting the unique genetic resources of local yellow cattle, establishing joint breeding systems and national breeding data platforms, and promoting an independent breeding strategy driven by technological innovation, indigenous genetic resources, and organizational collaboration.

Key words: Beef cattle, Genetic improvement, Cooperative breeding, Germplasm resources, Purebred selection

中图分类号:

S823

昝林森. 国际肉牛育种进展对我国地方黄牛遗传改良的启示[J]. 中国畜禽种业, 2026, 22(8): 10-18.

Linsen Zan. International advances in beef cattle breeding as a reference for the genetic improvement of indigenous yellow cattle[J]. Chinese Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 2026, 22(8): 10-18.

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品种 Breed		性别 Gender	体重 Body weight/kg	体斜长 Body length/cm	体高 Body height/cm	胸围 Chest circumference/cm
国外品种 Foreign variety	安格斯牛	公	646.7±53.0	168.1±10.0	132.4±5.0	202.6±12.4
	安格斯牛	母	446.1±46.2	149.4±14.0	130.8±7.7	182.3±10.3
	西门塔尔牛	公	726.5±99.1	163.3±12.1	138±4.9	212.3±11.0
	西门塔尔牛	母	464.0±51.2	148.1±8.0	130.8±4.6	184.6±8.4
	黑毛和牛	公	698.6±20.1	174.3±3.6	141.1±2.0	212.8±3.9
	黑毛和牛	母	435.0±43.4	162.0±8.9	127.1±3.1	193.3±7.1
国内品种 Domestic variety	秦川牛	公	415.2±23.4	147.6±9.5	127.3±8.5	175.3±15.5
	秦川牛	母	364.8±31.3	134.5±10.3	118.5±8.4	159.7±11.5
	南阳牛	公	456.3±72.9	145.1±8.1	139.6±6.9	186.7±11.5
	南阳牛	母	380.9±54.4	138.9±6.9	130.0±5.1	178.0±10.3