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Chinese Livestock and Poultry Breeding ›› 2026, Vol. 22 ›› Issue (10): 64-71.doi: 10.19543/j.cnki.1673-4556.20260916.001cstr: 32418.14.j.cnki.1673-4556.20260916.001

• Genetic Improvement • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Development history, current status, and countermeasures of beef cattle genetic improvement in Heilongjiang Province

Li Liu1(), Fang Sun1, Dong Han2, Chunwei Wang2, Ye Bu1   

  1. 1. Institute of Animal Husbandry of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China
    2. Heilongjiang Provincial Husbandry Station, Harbin, 150049, China
  • Received:2026-04-23 Online:2026-10-26 Published:2026-09-29

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Abstract:

Heilongjiang Province holds a strategically significant position in China's beef cattle industry, with a large number of small-scale cow-calf operations, and its beef production has consistently ranked among the top five nationwide. Its distinctive high-end beef cattle sector has established the province as a core pillar of the national beef supply system. This paper systematically reviews the 50-year evolution of beef cattle genetic improvement in Heilongjiang Province.The process began in the 1970s with government-led early-stage breed introduction and frozen semen promotion, transitioned through a dual-purpose (milk-and-meat) production model in the 1980s, and culminated in the preliminary formation of beef-type improvement populations by the late 1990s. Entering the 21st century, diminishing heterosis and constraints in feedlot technology ushered in a bottleneck period, prompting diversified breed introduction and a strategic shift toward high-end production. Consequently, improvement objectives transitioned from yield- and efficiency-driven to quality-driven goals, gradually establishing a multi-dimensional development framework centered on enhancing independent seedstock production capacity for Simmental cattle, complemented by the development of full-industry-chain systems for high-end beef breeds, namely Wagyu and Angus. In 2025, the provincial genetic improvement plan was formally promulgated, laying the policy groundwork for the coming decade. Nevertheless, relative to advanced domestic provinces and international frontier levels, genetic improvement in Heilongjiang still confronts salient deficiencies: poor alignment of breeding objectives with market demand and regional industrial positioning, weak policy and institutional support, insufficient technological reserves, lagging talent team development, and the absence of a collaborative mechanism for research translation and application. Looking ahead, it is imperative to clarify breeding objectives and improvement directions, establish a coordinated development system integrating dominant and characteristic breeds, strengthen policy safeguards and technological support to ensure effective implementation of the genetic improvement plan, and reinforce talent development to foster deep integration among industry, academia, and research.

Key words: Heilongjiang Province, Beef cattle, Genetic improvement, Historical process, Countermeasures

CLC Number: 

  • S823

Table 1

Growth and development traits of beef cattle in Heilongjiang Province at different periods"

时期

Period

地区

Region

品种

Breed

 各阶段体重Body weight at different stages/kg 18月龄18 months/cm
初生 6月龄 12月龄 18月龄 体高 体长 胸围

20世纪70年代[5]

The 1970s

 农村 本地 21.8 116.4 134.4 201 / / /
西杂 32 159 200 277.3 / / /
夏杂 31 159.6 185 275.1 / / /

20世纪80年代[7]

The 1980s

宾县

农村

 本地 25 114.8 151.3 204.4 108.7 118.2 144.3
夏杂 35.2 153.4 243.2 267 116.8 130.9 156.9

20世纪90年代[10-11]

The 1990s

哈尔滨

农村

 本地 19.2 100.2 140.4 200.5 105.4 114.6 140.5
夏杂 31.6 120 208.1 273.3 115 130 156.4

2000—2010年[15-16]

From 2000 to 2010

牡丹江

育肥场

 本地 24.5 107.8 168.5 279.8 110.8 114.3 156.6
西杂 34.8 160.3 236.8 422.1 127.4 122.3 186.4
夏杂 37.1 171.2 258.3 466.1 127.3 132.6 187.9
北大荒农垦育肥场 本西夏 44.6 209.2 359 527.8 140.9 / 190.8
西杂 30.5 130 267.4 484.4 127.8 / 181.9

2020至今[18-20]

From 2020 to the present

 北大荒农垦 西杂（母） 41.2 / 329.7 474.2 126.5 / 188.4
龙江县 和荷 35.26 208.8 344.1 507.1 134.9 / 197.2

Table 2

Productive and developmental traits of nucleus herd cows in Heilongjiang Province at different periods"

年份

Years

地区

Region

品种

Breed

 各阶段体重Body weight at different stages/kg 18月龄18 months/cm
初生 6月龄 12月龄 18月龄 体高 体斜长 胸围
1984 黑龙江[2] 西门塔尔牛 40.4 199.4 262 372.9 130 162.1 187.1
2019 北大荒农垦[21] 41.1 / 384.4 507.5 131.2 147.5 195.7
2025 肇东 41.3 259.5 404.8 504.5 130 171.5 187
2026 全国[25] 40.2 190 333.8 414.7 129.3 149.6 190.1
2025 龙江县 和牛 30 162 276 400 120 141 173
2025 孙吴县 安格斯牛 32 168.4 304.7 440.2 111.4 130.6 148.2

Table 3

Development history and achievements of genetic improvement of beef cattle in Heilongjiang Province"

时期Period 引进品种Introduced breeds 改良方向Direction of improvement 推动主体Driving entity 改良成效Improvement achievements
20世纪70年代The 1970s 夏洛来牛、西门塔尔牛、利木赞牛、海福特牛、安格斯牛 由役用转为肉用 政府、市场 体型外貌和生长发育得到显著改善
20世纪80年代The 1980s 乳肉兼用型西门塔尔牛、夏洛来牛 乳肉兼用 政府、市场 西杂牛毛色黄（红）花占比77.8%、产奶量得到显著提升
20世纪90年代The 1990s 夏洛来牛、西门塔尔牛、利木赞牛 肉用 市场、政府 生长速度得到提升、改良群体扩大、多品种、特色区域发展
2000—2010年From 2000 to 2010 夏洛来牛、西门塔尔牛、利木赞牛、比利时蓝牛 肉用 市场、企业、政府 三元杂交+育肥技术，提高产肉性能
2010至今From 2010 to the present 西门塔尔牛、华西牛、和牛、安格斯牛 乳肉兼用、肉用 市场、企业、政府 构建多元核心群、种质输出、发展高端特色品种
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