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Chinese Livestock and Poultry Breeding ›› 2026, Vol. 22 ›› Issue (9): 12-25.doi: 10.19543/j.cnki.1673-4556.20260602.003cstr: 32418.14.j.cnki.1673-4556.20260805.001

• Basic Research and Application of Livestock and Poultry Stem Cells •     Next Articles

Advances in early embryonic development and embryo-derived stem cells in livestock

Jinyun He1, Zimo Zhao1, Xiaowei Zhang1, Zhiqiang Feng1, Dengfeng Gao2, Minglei Zhi1()   

  1. 1. College of Biological Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100093
    2. College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan
  • Received:2025-12-31 Online:2026-09-26 Published:2026-09-10
  • Contact: Minglei Zhi

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Abstract:

Embryo-derived stem cells derived from livestock early embryos possess both self-renewal capacity and multidirectional differentiation potential. The isolation and establishment of embryo-derived stem cell lines essentially represent the capture of the pluripotent state from in vivo embryos and its in vitro maintenance; the dynamic evolution of pluripotency during early embryonic and extraembryonic development in livestock provides a key reference for defining the pluripotent characteristics of embryo-derived stem cells. This review focuses on early embryonic development and embryo-derived stem cell research in livestock such as pigs, cattle, and sheep. It systematically outlines key events including zygotic genome activation, the first and second lineage specification, and gastrulation, and compares the similarities and differences between early embryonic development in livestock and that in humans and mice from perspectives such as developmental timing, signaling pathways, molecular expression, and phenotypic features. On this basis, the review further categorizes embryo-derived stem cells according to their developmental potential, summarizing the latest research progress in livestock from three aspects: expanded pluripotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and extra-embryonic stem cells. It systematically compares the differences between these three types of stem cells in terms of isolation stage, cellular and molecular characteristics, key culture systems, and pluripotency and developmental potential, and discusses their application prospects in areas such as embryo and organ development modeling, genetic breeding improvement, and cell-cultured meat production. Furthermore, the review delves into the bottlenecks and challenges faced by research on livestock embryo-derived stem cells, covering precise regulation of pluripotency maintenance and directed differentiation, chimera formation and cross-species applications, improvement of gene editing efficiency and accuracy, stem cell embryo cloning technologies, among others. It also provides an outlook on future research directions, aiming to offer references for studies on livestock embryonic development and stem cells.

Key words: Livestock, Embryonic development, Embryo-derived stem cells

CLC Number: 

  • S81

Fig. 1

Comparative analysis of key developmental events and their timing in livestock（pig，cattle，sheep），mouse and human embryos Note: E, ICM, TE, TB, EPI, PrE, ExE, VE, AC, YS, PS, Meso, and Ecto represent embryonic development days, inner cell mass, trophectoderm, trophoblast, epiblast, primitive endoderm, extraembryonic ectoderm, visceral endoderm, amniotic cavity, yolk sac, primitive streak, mesoderm and ectoderm, respectively. The figure was created using Adobe Illustrator 2024."

Fig. 2

Summary of culture systems for domestic animal embryo-derived stem cells Note: This figure summarizes the basic culture media, feeder layers, basic supplements, cytokines, and small-molecule inhibitors for embryonic stem cells derived from common livestock and poultry such as pigs, cattle, and sheep. EPSC, naïve ESC, formative ESC, primed ESC, XEN, and TSC represent extended pluripotent stem cells, naïve embryonic stem cells, formative embryonic stem cells, primed embryonic stem cells, extraembryonic endoderm stem cells, and trophoblast stem cells, respectively. This figure was created using Adobe Illustrator 2024."

Fig. 3

Application prospects of livestock embryo-derived stem cells Note: The figure was created using Adobe Illustrator 2024."

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