牦牛繁育关键技术创新应用、挑战及对策

doi:10.19543/j.cnki.1673-4556.20260708.002

Abstract

Abstract:

Yak, an indigenous dominant livestock species on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, holds significant strategic value in breeding efforts for maintaining plateau ecosystem stability, promoting sustainable economic development in pastoral areas, and preserving ethnic cultural heritage. At present, yak breeding remains predominantly reliant on conventional techniques, with the individual identification and performance measurement systems confronting bottlenecks such as susceptibility to data loss, non-standardized measurement procedures, and inadequate genetic evaluation mechanisms. With the continuous advancement of modern biotechnology, intelligent tools including electronic ear tags and intelligent phenotypic measurement are being progressively applied; molecular breeding technology systems such as genomic selection and gene chips are becoming increasingly sophisticated; and reproductive technologies including artificial insemination and embryo transfer are being steadily optimized-all of which provide robust support for accelerating genetic improvement in yaks. However, during the actual promotion and application process in plateau pastoral areas, challenges remain, including insufficient environmental adaptability of technical equipment, high application costs, weak grassroots technical capacity, and inconsistent data collection standards. To address these issues, it is imperative to establish a tiered and categorized technology extension system, improve the collaborative mechanism among government, enterprises, and research institutions, formulate technology standards and specifications tailored to plateau characteristics, and strengthen the cultivation of localized professional technical talents, thereby facilitating the on-the-ground application of key yak breeding technologies and providing tangible support for the revitalization of plateau pastoral areas and the high-quality development of the yak industry. This paper systematically reviews the current status of modern biotechnology applications in yak industry development from four dimensions-the application status of conventional breeding technologies, breakthrough progress in molecular breeding technologies, innovative applications of reproductive biotechnology, and integration of intelligent and digital technologies-analyzes key technological breakthroughs and their application outcomes, with the aim of offering theoretical references and practical insights for the innovation of China's distinctive livestock seed industry.

Key words: Yak, Molecular breeding, Genomic selection, Reproductive biotechnology, Intelligent farming

CLC Number:

S823

Yongfu La, Chunnian Liang. Innovative applications, challenges, and countermeasures of key technologies in yak breeding[J].Chinese Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 2026, 22(8): 32-41.

Figures/Tables 7

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

References 62

[1]	QIU Q, ZHANG G J, MA T, et al. The yak genome and adaptation to life at high altitude[J]. Nature Genetics, 2012, 44(8): 946-949.
[2]	E G X, BASANG W D, ZHU Y B. Whole-genome analysis identifying candidate genes of altitude adaptive ecological thresholds in yak populations[J]. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 2019, 136(5): 371-377.
[3]	HUANG C, ZHANG M, ZHENG Q, et al.The high-altitude adaptation characteristics of microbiota-host cross-talk in yak gastrointestinal track[J]. Advanced Science, 2026, 13(1):e14862.
[4]	LIU X F, LIU W Y, LENSTRA J A, et al. Evolutionary origin of genomic structural variations in domestic yaks[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14: 5617.
[5]	梁春年, 阎萍, 牛春娥, 等. 甘南牦牛资源现状及保护利用措施探讨[J]. 家畜生态学报, 2008, 29(6): 136-138.
	LIANG C N, YAN P, NIU C E, et al. Investigation on status quo of resource and developmental strategy for Gannan yak breed[J]. Acta Ecologae Animalis Domastici, 2008, 29(6): 136-138.
[6]	曹建民, 吕文发, 郭爱珍, 等. 2024年度肉牛牦牛产业与技术发展报告[J]. 中国牛业科学, 2025, 51(1): 1-3.
	CAO J M, LV W F, GUO A Z, et al. 2024 Annual Report on the Beef Cattle and Yak Industry and Technology Development[J]. China Cattle Science, 2025, 51(1): 1-3.
[7]	MEUWISSEN T H, HAYES B J, GODDARD M E. Prediction of total genetic value using genome-wide dense marker maps[J]. Genetics, 2001, 157(4): 1819-1829.
[8]	王立方, 陆昌华, 谢菊芳, 等. 家畜和畜产品可追溯系统研究进展. 农业工程学报, 2005, 21(7):168-174.
	WANG L F, LU C H, XIE J F, et al.Review of traceability system for domestic animals and livestock products[J]． Transactions of the CSAE, 2005, 21(7):168-174.
[9]	马桂琳, 郭淑珍, 马登录, 等. 甘南牦牛繁育技术[J]. 中国牛业科学, 2023, 49(6): 81-83.
	MA G L, GUO S Z, MA D L, et al. Breeding techniques of Gannan yak[J]. China Cattle Science, 2023, 49(6): 81-83.
[10]	SAMUELSON D J, PEARSON R E. Accuracy of predicting genetic merit from pedigree information for bulls entering stud sampling programs[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 1995, 78(9): 2057-2066.
[11]	Ge F, Jia C, Bao P, et al. .Accuracies of genomic prediction for growth traits at weaning and yearling ages in yak.animals (Basel). 2020, 10(10):1793.
[12]	刘亚欣. 牦牛体重性状的全基因组关联分析及基因组选择研究[D]. 成都: 西南民族大学, 2024.
	LIU Y X. Genome-wide association analysis and genomic selection study of body weight traits in yak[D].Chendu: Southwest Minzu University, 2024.
[13]	赵黄青, 彭巍, 黄荣, 等. 牦牛基因组研究进展与育种应用[J]. 家畜生态学报, 2023, 44(2): 92-96.
	ZHAO H Q, PENG W, HUANG R, et al. Research advances and breeding application of yak genome[J]. Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology, 2023, 44(2): 92-96.
[14]	PEI J, BAO P, CHU M, et al..Evaluation of 17 microsatellite markers for parentage testing and individual identification of domestic yak (Bos grunniens).PeerJ. 2018, 6:e5946.
[15]	李在文, 李响, 李小伟, 等.基于GBS简化基因组测序数据重建麦洼牦牛保种群系谱[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2023, 54(9): 3710-3721.
	LI Z W, LI X, LI X W, et al. The pedigree reconstruction of the Maiwa yak preserved population based on GBS technology[J]. Acta Veterinariaet Zootechnica Sinica, 2023, 54(9): 3710-3721.
[16]	WALSH J B. Genomic selection signatures and animal breeding[J]. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 2021, 138(1): 1-3.
[17]	CALUS M P, MEUWISSEN T H, DE ROOS A P, et al. Accuracy of genomic selection using different methods to define haplotypes[J]. Genetics, 2008, 178(1): 553-561.
[18]	SCHAEFFER L R. Strategy for applying genome-wide selection in dairy cattle[J]. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 2006, 123(4): 218-223.
[19]	DAETWYLER H D, VILLANUEVA B, WOOLLIAMS J A. Accuracy of predicting the genetic risk of disease using a genome-wide approach[J]. PLoS One, 2008, 3(10): e3395.
[20]	HAYES B J, DAETWYLER H D. 1000 bull genomes project to map simple and complex genetic traits in cattle: applications and outcomes[J]. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, 2019, 7: 89-102.
[21]	MEUWISSEN T, VAN DEN BERG I, GODDARD M. On the use of whole-genome sequence data for across-breed genomic prediction and fine-scale mapping of QTL[J]. Genetics Selection Evolution, 2021, 53(1): 19.
[22]	JIANG H, CHAI Z X, CAO H W, et al. Genome-wide identification of SNPs associated with body weight in yak[J]. BMC Genomics, 2022, 23(1): 833.
[23]	REN W W, HUANG C, MA X M, et al. Association of HSF1 gene copy number variation with growth traits in the Ashidan yak[J]. Gene, 2022, 842: 146798.
[24]	HUANG C, GE F, REN W W, et al. Copy number variation of the HPGDS gene in the Ashidan yak and its associations with growth traits[J]. Gene, 2021, 772: 145382.
[25]	ZHANG J X, ZHA X T, YANG G W, et al. Polymorphisms of TXK and PLCE1 genes and their correlation analysis with growth traits in ashidan yaks[J]. Animals, 2024, 14(23): 3506.
[26]	WANG X, ZHOU H T, HICKFORD J G H, et al. Variation in the yak lipin-1 gene and its association with milk traits[J]. The Journal of Dairy Research, 2020, 87(2): 166-169.
[27]	ZHANG M F, ZHA X T, MA X M, et al. Polymorphisms of ITGA9 gene and their correlation with milk quality traits in yak (Bos grunniens)[J]. Foods, 2024, 13(11): 1613.
[28]	YANG G W, ZHANG J X, MA X Y, et al. Polymorphisms of CCSER1 gene and their correlation with milk quality traits in Gannan yak (Bos grunniens)[J]. Foods, 2023, 12(23): 4318.
[29]	WANG T, MA X M, FENG F, et al. Study on single nucleotide polymorphism of LAP3 gene and its correlation with dairy quality traits of Gannan yak[J]. Foods, 2024, 13(18): 2953.
[30]	QI Y P, WANG X Y, ZHU C E, et al. Mutations in the FOXO3 gene and their effects on meat traits in Gannan yaks[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2024, 25(4): 1948.
[31]	XU F, WANG H B, QIN C Y, et al. Combined multi-omics analysis reveals the potential role of ACADS in yak intramuscular fat deposition[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2024, 25(16): 9131.
[32]	CAO M L, DING Z Q, WANG X D, et al. Full-length transcriptome sequencing of the longissimus dorsi muscle of yak and cattle-yak using nanopore technology[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2025, 284: 138071.
[33]	MA J, YANG G, QIN X, et al. Molecular characterization of MSX2 gene and its role in regulating steroidogenesis in yak (Bos grunniens) cumulus granulosa cells[J]. Theriogenology, 2025, 231: 101-110.
[34]	WANG G W, SHU S, FU C Q, et al. Characterization of PRDM9 multifunctionality in yak testes through protein interaction mapping[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2025, 26(4): 1420.
[35]	ZHONG D L, PAN Y Y, WANG M, et al. Activation of YAP1 and TAZ enhances the in vitro maturation of yak oocytes and influences subsequent embryonic development[J]. Theriogeno-logy, 2025, 246: 117548.
[36]	MA Y, JIANG X D, ZHANG D W, et al. Molecular characterization and effects of the TGIF1 gene on proliferation and steroidogenesis in yak (Bos grunniens) granulosa cells[J]. Theriogenology, 2023, 211: 224-231.
[37]	LI G Z, LUO J, WANG F W, et al. Whole-genome resequencing reveals genetic diversity, differentiation, and selection signatures of yak breeds/populations in Qinghai, China[J]. Frontiers in Genetics, 2022, 13: 1034094.
[38]	李响. 基于GBS对四川省龙日种畜场麦洼牦牛选育群的系谱重建[D]. 成都: 西南民族大学, 2022.
	LI X. Based on the pedigree reconstruction of the conservation breeding population of Maiwa yak in Sichuan Longri Breeding farm by GBS[D]. Chendu: Southwest Minzu University, 2022.
[39]	ZHU Y J, YU J, YANG Q H, et al. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ improves the quality of low temperature-preserved yak semen via alleviating oxidative stress[J]. Animal Reproduction Science, 2025, 273: 107680.
[40]	朱艳锦. DHA对牦牛精液冷冻保存的影响及作用机制[D]. 成都: 西南民族大学, 2024.
	ZHU Y J. Effects of DHA on yak semen cryopreservation and the mechanism[D]. Chendu: Southwest Minzu University 2024.
[41]	林金杏, 阎萍, 郭宪, 等. 冷冻保存对野牦牛精子酶活性的影响[J]. 中国草食动物, 2007, 27(2): 10-13.
	LIN J X, YAN P, GUO X, et al. Effects of cryopreservation on enzyme activities of wild yak sperm[J]. China Herbivores, 2007, 27(2): 10-13.
[42]	王文飙, 马登录, 马桂琳, 等. 两组同期发情方案及定时输精技术提高牦牛受胎率效果观察[J]. 中国牛业科学, 2024, 50(3): 41-43.
	WANG W B, MA D L, MA G L, et al. Observation on the effect of two synchronized estrus schemes and timed insemination techniques on improving the conception rate of yaks[J]. China Cattle Science, 2024, 50(3): 41-43.
[43]	彭巍. 牦牛冷暖季卵巢差异分析及添加褪黑素对牦牛卵母细胞体外成熟、胚胎体外发育的影响[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2019.
	PENG W. Analysis of ovarian differences in cold and warm season and the effects of melatonin on oocyte maturation and embryo development of yak in vitro[D]. Yanglin: Northwest A＆F University, 2019.
[44]	HE H H, ZHANG H Z, LI Q, et al. Low oxygen concentrations improve yak oocyte maturation and enhance the developmental competence of preimplantation embryos[J]. Theriogenology, 2020, 156: 46-58.
[45]	LI Y, LI S, DAI Y, et al. Nuclear reprogramming in embryos generated by the transfer of yak (Bos grunniens) nuclei into bovine oocytes and comparison with bovine–bovine SCNT and bovine IVF embryos[J]. Theriogenology, 2007, 67(8): 1331-1338.
[46]	孙永刚, 徐惊涛, 才让东智, 等. 体外受精生产犏牛胚胎与移植试验研究[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2013, 44(5): 719-726.
	SUN Y G, XU J T, CAI R, et al. The study on cattle × yak in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2013, 44(5): 719-726.
[47]	NIU H R, ZI X D, XIAO X, et al. Developmental competence of frozen-thawed yak (Bos grunniens) oocytes followed by in vitro maturation and fertilization[J]. Cryobiology, 2014, 68(1): 152-154.
[48]	YU S J, JU X H, WANG L B, et al. Successful embryo transfer in Tianzhu white yak using standard protocol[J]. Science in China Series C: Life Sciences, 2007, 50(5): 655-659.
[49]	余四九, 巨向红, 王立斌, 等. 天祝白牦牛胚胎移植实验研究[J]. 中国科学C辑, 2007, 37(2): 185-189.
	YU S J, JU X H, WANG L B, et al. Experimental study on embryo transfer in Tianzhu White yak[J]. Science in China (Series c), 2007, 37(2): 185-189.
[50]	蒲思颖, 郑杰, 杨远潇, 等. 牦牛新鲜囊胚与玻璃化冻融囊胚转录组的比较分析[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2018, 49(4): 709-717.
	PU S Y, ZHENG J, YANG Y X, et al. Comparative transcriptome analysis between fresh and vitrified-thawed blastocysts of the yak(Bos grunniens)[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2018, 49(4): 709-717.
[51]	世界上第一头克隆牦牛诞生[J]. 科技导报, 2025, 43(15):8.
	The world's first cloned yak was born[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025, 43(15):8.
[52]	杨晨. 基于深度学习和无人机影像的牛羊识别及排泄量估算: 以青海湖国家级自然保护区为例[D]. 兰州: 西北师范大学, 2024.
	YANG C. Identification of yak and sheep and estimation of their excretion based on deep learning and UAV imagery: a case study of Qinghai Lake national nature reserve[D]. Lanzhou: Northwest Normal University, 2024.
[53]	刘树超, 邵全琴, 杨帆, 等. 黄河源区放牧家畜数量及空间分布无人机遥感调查[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2021, 23(7): 1286-1295.
	LIU S C, SHAO Q Q, YANG F, et al. Using UAVs remote sensing for population and distribution of grazing livestock in the source region of the Yellow River[J]. Journal of Geo-Information Science, 2021, 23(7): 1286-1295.
[54]	申波. 无人机技术评估相对放牧强度分布趋势初探[D]. 兰州: 兰州大学, 2019.
	SHEN B. Preliminary study on the distribution trend of relative grazing intensity by UAV technical monitoring[D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University, 2019.
[55]	张旭, 张晶声, 董明, 等. 超高频RFID发光电子耳标测试方法研究[J]. 中国兽药杂志, 2022, 56(7): 75-80.
	ZHANG X, ZHANG J S, DONG M, et al. Research on test method of UHF RFID luminous electronic ear tag[J]. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Drug, 2022, 56(7): 75-80.
[56]	阳宇翔. 基于深度学习的牦牛个体精准采食监测系统研究[D]. 雅安: 四川农业大学, 2025.
	YANG Y X. Research on individual yak precision feeding monitoring system based on deep learning[D]. Ya'an: Sichuan Agricultural University, 2025.
[57]	何杰. 基于机器学习的牦牛体尺体重估测方法研究[D]. 西宁: 青海大学, 2023.
	HE J. Research on estimation method of body size and weight of yak based on machine learning[D]. Xining: Qinghai University, 2023.
[58]	伍施宇, 刘亚欣, 王世凯, 等. 基于牦牛图像体尺形状预测其种群类型[J]. 西南民族大学学报(自然科学版), 2025(6): 650-657.
	WU S Y, LIU Y X, WANG S K, et al. Predicting yak population types based on body size traits in images[J]. Journal of Southwest Minzu University (Natural Science Edition), 2025(6): 650-657.
[59]	肖建, 张玉安, 刘君毅, 等. 基于GAN-BPNN的牦牛动态体重测量算法研究[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2024, 45(11): 150-158.
	XIAO J, ZHANG Y A, LIU J Y, et al. Research on dynamic weight measurement algorithm of yak based on GAN-BPNN[J]. Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization, 2024, 45(11): 150-158.
[60]	胡泉军. 牦牛基因组数据库建设[D]. 兰州: 兰州大学, 2014.
	HU Q J. Database construction of yak genome[D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University, 2014.
[61]	季美, 张良玺. 基于无线传感器的牦牛定位系统设计[J]. 物联网技术, 2025, 15(7): 36-38.
	JI M, ZHANG L X. Design of a yak positioning system based on wireless sensors[J]. Internet of Things Technologies, 2025, 15(7): 36-38.
[62]	张晓锋, 张倩, 左世祥, 等. 3S技术在牦牛智慧养殖及牧场生态可持续发展中的应用[J]. 四川畜牧兽医, 2025, 52(11): 34-36.
	ZHANG X F, ZHANG Q, ZUO S X, et al. Application of 3S technology in smart yak farming and ecologically sustainable pasture development[J]. Sichuan Animal & Veterinary Sciences, 2025, 52(11): 34-36.

Metrics

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed

Comments

Recommended 0

No Suggested Reading articles found!

序号NO.	技术类型Technological type	应用范围 Application area	应用现状 Applied actuality	优势与特点 Advantages and characteristics	面临的挑战 Challenges faced
1	传统耳标与纸质档案	牧民、合作社	占主导地位，但信息完整率不足45%	操作简单，成本低廉	信息易丢失、更新滞后、查询困难，制约育种系统性
2	RFID电子耳标	核心育种场	60%～85%	实现个体信息自动化采集与数字化管理	设备成本高、网络基础设施不足、维护能力弱，普及面临现实困难
3	RFID电子耳标	牧民及合作社	低于20%	实现个体信息自动化采集与数字化管理	设备成本高、网络基础设施不足、维护能力弱，普及面临现实困难
4	区块链技术	少数领先地区（试点应用）	试点阶段，用于系谱追溯与品质认证	建立不可篡改的分布式数据库，实现全程质量溯源	处于试点阶段，尚未大规模推广

序号NO.	性状Traits	关键基因/SNP位点Key genes/SNP loci	主要功能Functions	参考文献References
1	生长性状	SNPAX-174555047、HSF1、HPGDS、TXK、PLCE1	调节体重及生长过程	[22-25]
2	乳品质	LPIN1、ITGA9、CCSER1、LAP3	影响乳脂率、乳蛋白、乳糖等乳成分含量	[26-29]
3	肉品质	FOXO3、ACADS、TNNI2	影响剪切力、熟肉率、肌内脂肪沉积及肌肉发育	[30-32]
4	繁殖性状	MSX2、TGIF1、PRDM9、YAP1、TAZ	调控卵巢颗粒细胞发育、减数分裂及卵母细胞成熟	[33-36]

序号NO.	技术方向Technical direction	应用范围Application range	关键技术Key technology	主要成效与作用Effectiveness and impact
1	种质资源精准评价	大通牦牛、青海环湖型、雪多牦牛等	全基因组重测序	系统解析群体遗传结构、分化历史，为制定保护策略提供依据
2	亲子鉴定	育种场核心群	基于高密度SNP芯片	解决传统系谱记录错误，提升遗传评估的可靠性
3	遗传动态监测	天祝白牦牛等珍稀品种	追踪等位基因频率、杂合度及近交系数	实施科学保种规划和配种方案，实现长效保护和可持续利用

序号 NO.	技术领域 Technosphere	技术突破 Breakthrough	关键优化措施 Key measures	应用成效 Application effectiveness	参考文献 References
1	冻精保护	高原适配型稀释保护液	添加谷胱甘肽、过氧化氢酶等抗氧化剂	有效精子存活时间延长30%，维持顶体功能完整性	[39-41]
2	同期发情-定时输精	TAI技术本地化改良	CIDR+PGF₂α+GnRH联合调控方案	情期受胎率提升至55%～65%，减少发情观察依赖	[42]
3	活体采卵-体外受精	OPU-IVF体系建立	优化采卵针具、卵母细胞成熟培养体系	阶段性成效显著，但规模化生产效率仍待突破	[43-45]
4	胚胎玻璃化冷冻	超快速冷冻保护体系	优化冷冻保护剂（乙二醇+DMSO）组合	解冻后形态完整率>90%，移植妊娠率45%～55%	[46-48]
5	遗传资源保护	胚胎库+遗传信息建档	针对天祝白牦牛等珍稀品种的系统性采集与保存	实现遗传物质长期保存与异地群体重建	[49-51]

Innovative applications, challenges, and countermeasures of key technologies in yak breeding

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 7

References 62

Related Articles 3

Metrics

Comments

Recommended 0

[1]	Xiaoyao Cao, Jiao Li, Ting Wang, Lanling Xiong, Xiangting Cai, Siyuan Feng, Zezhao Wang, Caihong Zheng, Yan Chen, Lupei Zhang, Xue Gao, Huijiang Gao, Bo Zhu, Junya Li. Progress and prospects for genetic improvement of beef cattle in China: The pathway to revitalizing the seed industry from "catching up" to "innovation" [J]. Chinese Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 2026, 22(8): 19-31.
[2]	Lisheng Miao, Congyong Wang, Yang Cao, Yumin Zhao. Development of the beef cattle seed industry and genetic improvement pathways [J]. Chinese Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 2026, 22(6): 25-30.
[3]	Fengjuan Liu, Tiecheng Wu, Junyang Liu, Tao Wang, Leqi Yi, Yulin Gao, Xingang Yan, Bin Liu. Research progress on breeding and selection techniques for domestic animal genomes [J]. Chinese Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 2026, 22(5): 70-78.