中国畜禽种业 ›› 2026, Vol. 22 ›› Issue (7): 83-91.doi: 10.19543/j.cnki.1673-4556.20260702.002cstr: 32418.14.j.cnki.1673-4556.20260702.002

所属专题： 畜禽种质资源保护利用

• 资源保护利用 • 上一篇    下一篇

阿尔巴斯型绒山羊育种进展与产业发展

何云梅1(), 田壮2,3, 赵鸿雁1, 乌兰其其格1, 王晓燕1, 乌日古玛拉1, 吉日嘎郎图1, 苗雄1, 刘斌2()   

  1. 1. 鄂托克旗农牧技术推广中心，内蒙古 鄂尔多斯 016100
    2. 内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院，内蒙古 呼和浩特 010031
    3. 内蒙古民族大学，内蒙古 通辽 028000
  • 收稿日期:2025-12-26 出版日期:2026-07-26 发布日期:2026-07-18
  • 通讯作者: 刘斌 E-mail:etkqglzhym@126.com;liubin0613@126.com
  • 作者简介:
    何云梅（1977—），男，内蒙古杭锦人，推广研究员，主要从事绒山羊遗传育种研究，E-mail：。
  • 基金资助:
    鄂尔多斯市科技计划项目(YF20240041)

Breeding progress and industrial development of Inner Mongolia Albas cashmere goats

Yunmei He1(), Zhuang Tian2,3, Hongyan Zhao1, Qiqige Wulan1, Xiaoyan Wang1, Gumala Wuri1, Galangtu Jiri1, Xiong Miao1, Bin Liu2()   

  1. 1. Etuoke Banner Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Technology Promotion Center, Ordos, 016100, Inner Mongolia
    2. Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, 010031, Inner Mongolia
    3. Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, Inner Mongolia
  • Received:2025-12-26 Online:2026-07-26 Published:2026-07-18
  • Contact: Bin Liu E-mail:etkqglzhym@126.com;liubin0613@126.com

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摘要：

阿尔巴斯型绒山羊的育种经历了漫长的变革，从传统表型选育奠定种群基础，明确近亲繁殖系数高于6.25%时活重下降，12.5%时出现绒产量近交抑制，到通过分子标记辅助选择发现Wnt/β-catenin、Shh、TGF-β等参与毛囊周期调控的信号通路，CHP1、LEF1、KRTs/KRTAPs、Tβ4等基因调控绒毛生长发育，以及GALNTL5、PRLR、SOX5、KISS1等与绒长、绒细、产绒量、繁殖及体重性状关联的候选基因，再到全基因组选择技术将育种世代间隔从4.5年缩短至2年，最终借助CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术实现产绒量提升74.5%等突破性改良，并发现H11与Rosa26是安全高效的整合位点。本文旨在系统性地梳理和总结阿尔巴斯型绒山羊育种研究进展，内容涵盖传统育种、分子遗传学基础与功能基因研究、基因组选择育种以及基因编辑技术等多个方面，分析当前面临的挑战，并展望未来的育种方向。

关键词: 阿尔巴斯型绒山羊, 育种, 遗传改良, 种质资源

Abstract:

The breeding of Albasian Cashmere goats has undergone a long process of transformation. It started with traditional phenotypic selection to lay the foundation for the population, establishing that an inbreeding coefficient exceeding 6.25% will lead to a decrease in live weight, and reach 12.5% will result in inbreeding depression in cashmere yield. Then, through molecular marker-assisted selection, signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, Shh, and TGF-β involved in the regulation of the hair follicle cycle were discovered, along with genes like CHP1, LEF1, KRTs/KRTAPs, and Tβ4 regulating the growth and development of cashmere. Additionally, candidate genes such as GALNTL5, PRLR, SOX5, and KISS1, which are associated with cashmere length, fineness, yield, reproduction, and body weight traits, were identified. Furthermore, whole-genome selection technology shortened the breeding generation interval from 4.5 years to 2 years, and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology was employed to achieve a breakthrough improvement in cashmere yield by 74.5%. It was also discovered that H11 and Rosa26 are safe and efficient integration sites. This article aims to systematically summarize the research progress in the breeding of Albasian Cashmere goats, covering traditional breeding, molecular genetics fundamentals and functional gene research, genome selection breeding, and gene editing technology. It analyzes the current challenges faced and provides an outlook on future breeding directions

Key words: Albas cashmere goat, Breeding, Genetic improvement, Germplasm resources

中图分类号: 

  • S827

表1

阿尔巴斯白绒山羊理想型最低生产性能"

项目 Items 绒厚Cashmere thickness/cm 产绒量Cashmere production/g 抓绒后体重Post-shearing weight/kg 胴体重Body weight/kg 屠宰率Slaughter rate/%
成年公羊Adult ram ≥5.5 ≥1000 ≥45 ≥21 ≥46
成年母羊Adult ewe ≥5.0 ≥550 ≥35 ≥16 ≥45
育成公羊Breeding ram ≥4.5 ≥600 ≥30 ≥14 ≥47
育成母羊Breeding ewe ≥4.5 ≥450 ≥25 ≥12 ≥45

表2

主要育种方法的遗传学比较与实践考量"

育种方法Breeding method 遗传优势Genetic advantage 遗传劣势与风险Genetic disadvantages and risks 管理要求Management requirements 适用物种/场景Applicable species/Scenarios 阿尔巴斯型绒山羊中的应用实例Application example in Albas cashmere goats
纯种选育/近交Purebred breeding/Inbreeding 快速固定优良性状后代表现高度一致、可预测提纯血统，形成独特品种 近交衰退，导致活力、繁殖力下降，有害隐性基因暴露风险高遗传多样性降低，适应性变差 精确、完整的系谱记录对育种者的专业知识要求高，需谨慎操作以规避风险 核心育种群、地方品种保种、培育新品种的早期阶段 通过核心群的持续选育，阿尔巴斯型绒山羊羊绒细度不断优化，产绒量稳步提升，净绒率逐渐稳定
品系选育Strain selection 集中优秀祖先的基因在保持一定遗传优势的同时，减缓近交衰退的速度 存在轻度近交风险，会放大核心祖先携带的未知遗传缺陷 对系谱的理解要求极高，需要长期、耐心的选育规划 优秀种畜的培育，维持种群的特征和品质 通过多年来的标准化培育，阿尔巴斯型绒山羊主要有“超细超长型”和“高繁高产型”两个品系
杂交育种Crossbreeding 显著的杂种优势，尤其在繁殖和适应性性状上利用品种互补性，实现“1+1>2”的效果，提高生产效率和经济效益 后代可能出现性状分离，一致性不如纯种轮换杂交体系中，杂种优势水平会周期性波动，可能导致本地纯种资源的流失 需要维持多个纯种群体作为杂交亲本。轮换杂交管理复杂，需要准确识别个体和谱系，通常需要较大规模才能有效实施 猪、家禽、肉牛和肉羊商业化生产 延安绒山羊、黎城大青羊、青海海西地区地方羊在引入阿尔巴斯型绒山羊后，其后代均表现出优异的生产性能及适应力

表3

技术演进路径比较分析"

技术类型

Technology type

DNA识别机制

DNA recognition mechanism

靶向灵活性

Targeting flexibility

构建难度

Construction difficulty

脱靶效应

Off-target effects

专利壁垒

Patent barriers

成本

Cost
ZFN 锌指蛋白（Cys2-His2） 有限（需复杂筛选） 极高（蛋白工程） 中高 极高 极高
TALEN TALE重复阵列 高（模块化组装） 中等（重复克隆） 中 中高 高
CRISPR-Cas9 sgRNA-DNA碱基配对 极高（任意20nt序列） 极低（寡核苷酸合成） 高 复杂 极低
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