牦牛繁育关键技术创新应用、挑战及对策

doi:10.19543/j.cnki.1673-4556.20260708.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

牦牛作为青藏高原特有的优势畜种，其育种工作对维系高原生态系统稳定、促进牧区经济可持续发展以及传承民族文化遗产具有重要战略价值。当前，牦牛育种仍以传统技术为主导，个体识别与生产性能测定体系面临信息易丢失、测定流程不规范、遗传评估机制不健全等瓶颈问题。随着现代生物技术的不断突破，电子耳标、表型智能测定等智能化手段逐步应用，基因组选择、基因芯片等分子育种技术体系日臻成熟，人工授精、胚胎移植等繁殖技术不断优化，这些为加快牦牛遗传改良进程提供了有力支撑。然而，在高原牧区实际推广过程中，仍面临技术装备环境适应性不足、应用成本较高、基层技术力量薄弱、数据采集标准不统一等现实挑战。为此，亟需构建分层分类的技术推广体系，完善“政府-企业-科研机构”协同联动机制，制定符合高原特点的技术标准规范，并加强本土化专业技术人才培养，从而推动牦牛繁育关键技术的落地应用，为高原牧区振兴和牦牛产业高质量发展提供支撑。本文从传统育种技术应用现状、分子育种技术突破性进展、繁殖生物技术创新应用以及智能化与数字化技术集成等方面，系统梳理现代生物技术在牦牛产业发展中的应用现状，分析关键技术突破及其应用成效，以期为我国特色畜禽种业创新发展提供理论参考与实践借鉴。

关键词: 牦牛, 分子育种, 基因组选择, 繁殖生物技术, 智能化养殖

Abstract:

Yak, an indigenous dominant livestock species on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, holds significant strategic value in breeding efforts for maintaining plateau ecosystem stability, promoting sustainable economic development in pastoral areas, and preserving ethnic cultural heritage. At present, yak breeding remains predominantly reliant on conventional techniques, with the individual identification and performance measurement systems confronting bottlenecks such as susceptibility to data loss, non-standardized measurement procedures, and inadequate genetic evaluation mechanisms. With the continuous advancement of modern biotechnology, intelligent tools including electronic ear tags and intelligent phenotypic measurement are being progressively applied; molecular breeding technology systems such as genomic selection and gene chips are becoming increasingly sophisticated; and reproductive technologies including artificial insemination and embryo transfer are being steadily optimized-all of which provide robust support for accelerating genetic improvement in yaks. However, during the actual promotion and application process in plateau pastoral areas, challenges remain, including insufficient environmental adaptability of technical equipment, high application costs, weak grassroots technical capacity, and inconsistent data collection standards. To address these issues, it is imperative to establish a tiered and categorized technology extension system, improve the collaborative mechanism among government, enterprises, and research institutions, formulate technology standards and specifications tailored to plateau characteristics, and strengthen the cultivation of localized professional technical talents, thereby facilitating the on-the-ground application of key yak breeding technologies and providing tangible support for the revitalization of plateau pastoral areas and the high-quality development of the yak industry. This paper systematically reviews the current status of modern biotechnology applications in yak industry development from four dimensions-the application status of conventional breeding technologies, breakthrough progress in molecular breeding technologies, innovative applications of reproductive biotechnology, and integration of intelligent and digital technologies-analyzes key technological breakthroughs and their application outcomes, with the aim of offering theoretical references and practical insights for the innovation of China's distinctive livestock seed industry.

Key words: Yak, Molecular breeding, Genomic selection, Reproductive biotechnology, Intelligent farming

中图分类号:

S823

喇永富, 梁春年. 牦牛繁育关键技术创新应用、挑战及对策[J]. 中国畜禽种业, 2026, 22(8): 32-41.

Yongfu La, Chunnian Liang. Innovative applications, challenges, and countermeasures of key technologies in yak breeding[J]. Chinese Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 2026, 22(8): 32-41.

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序号NO.	技术类型Technological type	应用范围 Application area	应用现状 Applied actuality	优势与特点 Advantages and characteristics	面临的挑战 Challenges faced
1	传统耳标与纸质档案	牧民、合作社	占主导地位，但信息完整率不足45%	操作简单，成本低廉	信息易丢失、更新滞后、查询困难，制约育种系统性
2	RFID电子耳标	核心育种场	60%～85%	实现个体信息自动化采集与数字化管理	设备成本高、网络基础设施不足、维护能力弱，普及面临现实困难
3	RFID电子耳标	牧民及合作社	低于20%	实现个体信息自动化采集与数字化管理	设备成本高、网络基础设施不足、维护能力弱，普及面临现实困难
4	区块链技术	少数领先地区（试点应用）	试点阶段，用于系谱追溯与品质认证	建立不可篡改的分布式数据库，实现全程质量溯源	处于试点阶段，尚未大规模推广

序号NO.	性状Traits	关键基因/SNP位点Key genes/SNP loci	主要功能Functions	参考文献References
1	生长性状	SNPAX-174555047、HSF1、HPGDS、TXK、PLCE1	调节体重及生长过程	[22-25]
2	乳品质	LPIN1、ITGA9、CCSER1、LAP3	影响乳脂率、乳蛋白、乳糖等乳成分含量	[26-29]
3	肉品质	FOXO3、ACADS、TNNI2	影响剪切力、熟肉率、肌内脂肪沉积及肌肉发育	[30-32]
4	繁殖性状	MSX2、TGIF1、PRDM9、YAP1、TAZ	调控卵巢颗粒细胞发育、减数分裂及卵母细胞成熟	[33-36]

序号NO.	技术方向Technical direction	应用范围Application range	关键技术Key technology	主要成效与作用Effectiveness and impact
1	种质资源精准评价	大通牦牛、青海环湖型、雪多牦牛等	全基因组重测序	系统解析群体遗传结构、分化历史，为制定保护策略提供依据
2	亲子鉴定	育种场核心群	基于高密度SNP芯片	解决传统系谱记录错误，提升遗传评估的可靠性
3	遗传动态监测	天祝白牦牛等珍稀品种	追踪等位基因频率、杂合度及近交系数	实施科学保种规划和配种方案，实现长效保护和可持续利用

序号 NO.	技术领域 Technosphere	技术突破 Breakthrough	关键优化措施 Key measures	应用成效 Application effectiveness	参考文献 References
1	冻精保护	高原适配型稀释保护液	添加谷胱甘肽、过氧化氢酶等抗氧化剂	有效精子存活时间延长30%，维持顶体功能完整性	[39-41]
2	同期发情-定时输精	TAI技术本地化改良	CIDR+PGF₂α+GnRH联合调控方案	情期受胎率提升至55%～65%，减少发情观察依赖	[42]
3	活体采卵-体外受精	OPU-IVF体系建立	优化采卵针具、卵母细胞成熟培养体系	阶段性成效显著，但规模化生产效率仍待突破	[43-45]
4	胚胎玻璃化冷冻	超快速冷冻保护体系	优化冷冻保护剂（乙二醇+DMSO）组合	解冻后形态完整率>90%，移植妊娠率45%～55%	[46-48]
5	遗传资源保护	胚胎库+遗传信息建档	针对天祝白牦牛等珍稀品种的系统性采集与保存	实现遗传物质长期保存与异地群体重建	[49-51]