Measurement and comparative analysis of body size, slaughter performance, and meat quality of the recessive white feather chicken

Xinyu Sun; Xuejiao Chen; Ye Liu; Axiu Guo; Hao Zhang; Bo Zhang

doi:10.19543/j.cnki.1673-4556.20260430.001

The Chinese Livestock and Poultry Breeding >

2026 , Vol. 22 >Issue 5: 96 - 100

DOI: https://doi.org/10.19543/j.cnki.1673-4556.20260430.001

Animal Genetics and Breeding

Measurement and comparative analysis of body size, slaughter performance, and meat quality of the recessive white feather chicken

Xinyu Sun ,
Xuejiao Chen ,
Ye Liu ,
Axiu Guo ,
Hao Zhang ,
Bo Zhang

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China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193

Received date: 2025-11-17

Online published: 2026-06-17

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Abstract

Objective To investigate the differences in body size traits, slaughter performance, and muscle quality among common white-feathered chicken breeds in the domestic market, in order to provide reference for the evaluation of white feather chicken meat quality. Method body measurements, slaughter performance, and muscle quality were analyzed in 6-week-old recessive white-feathered chickens, dwarf recessive white-feathered chickens, and green-legged dwarf recessive white-feathered chickens. Result The results showed that, compared with dwarf recessive white-feathered chickens and green-legged dwarf recessive white-feathered chickens, the body weight, breast muscle, and leg muscle of recessive white-feathered broilers were the heaviest, while their abdominal fat rate was lower (P < 0.05). The slaughter rate, half-carcass eviscerated rate, and whole carcass eviscerated rate of recessive white-feathered broilers, dwarf recessive white-feathered chickens, and green-legged dwarf recessive white-feathered chickens were similar, with no significant differences (P > 0.05). Drip loss rate and intramuscular fat content were also comparable among the three breeds, with no significant differences(P > 0.05). The results indicate that recessive white-feathered chickens have superior slaughter and meat production performance, and the muscle quality of the three types of recessive white-feathered chickens is relatively close. Conclusion These findings provide a theoretical basis for identifying high-quality broiler phenotypes and offer fundamental data for the breeding of high-quality meat chickens.

Key words： White-feathered broiler; Body size index; Performance of slaughter; Quality of meat

Cite this article

Xinyu Sun , Xuejiao Chen , Ye Liu , Axiu Guo , Hao Zhang , Bo Zhang . Measurement and comparative analysis of body size, slaughter performance, and meat quality of the recessive white feather chicken[J]. The Chinese Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 2026 , 22(5) : 96 -100 . DOI: 10.19543/j.cnki.1673-4556.20260430.001

肉鸡产业经过几十年的发展，鸡肉已成为世界第一大肉类，也是我国仅次于猪肉的第二大肉类。鸡肉作为重要的动物源性蛋白来源，在人类饮食结构中占据重要地位。随着生活水平的提升，消费者对鸡肉品质和质量安全的要求越来越高。其中，肉品质的理化特性（如嫩度、系水力、粗脂肪等）是衡量食用价值的关键指标。研究表明，鸡肉的食用品质受屠宰性能（如胸肌率、腿肌率、腹脂率）及宰后代谢过程共同影响^[1,2]。白羽肉鸡因具有早期生长速度快、饲养周期短、饲料转化率高等优点^[3]，目前已成为我国市场上主流的肉鸡品种之一^[4]，约占禽肉产品的59%^[5]，养殖主要集中在我国北方地区^[6]。隐性白羽鸡属于快大型肉鸡，体型较大，生长速度快，屠宰性能好，多用于生产优质鸡配套系的父、母本，而其肉品质还需进一步改善。矮小隐性白羽鸡、隐性白羽鸡和青脚矮小隐性白羽鸡是我国以引进白羽肉鸡为素材经过培育具有隐性白羽性状、性连锁矮小性状和青胫性状的肉鸡品系，是培育优质黄羽肉鸡配套系的较好材料。然而，由于肉鸡品种繁多且生长周期差异显著，不同品种或类型肉鸡的上市日龄存在较大差异，因此，科学评价不同类型肉鸡的屠宰性能和肉品质对于推动肉鸡产业健康发展具有重要意义。本研究通过测定这3种类型肉鸡的屠宰性能和肌肉品质性状，旨在为肉鸡产业的科学养殖和肉品质评价提供数据支撑。

1 材料与方法

1.1 材料

本试验所用隐性白羽鸡（农大系）、矮小隐性白羽鸡和青脚矮小隐性白羽鸡由中国农业大学家禽遗传资源与育种试验基地提供。所有鸡只的饲养环境和饮食一致，自由采食、饮水。6周时随机抓取每个品种公母各6只，空腹12 h后进行屠宰测定、肉品质测定。本试验得到中国农业大学动物福利委员会批准（AW50111202-1-1），并按照中国农业大学《实验动物的护理和使用指南》方案进行。试验时间为2025年9—11月。

1.2 测定指标

体尺指标包括：胸角、体斜长、龙骨长、胫长、胫围、胸深、胸宽、骨盆宽。

屠宰性能指标包括：活重、屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重、腹脂重、胸肌重、腿肌重等。取左侧胸肌进行常规肉质测定，指标包括肉色、pH1（屠宰后45～60 min）、滴水损失、肌内脂肪含量。

测定方法按照《家禽生产性能名词术语和度量统计方法》（NY/T 823—2004）^[7]中的方法进行。

1.3 统计与分析

采用SPSS 22软件进行单因素方差分析，用Tukey HSD法进行多重比较，结果以“平均数±标准差”表示，P＜0.05为差异显著，P＞0.05为差异不显著。

2 结果

2.1 体重和体尺指标

由表1可知，隐性白羽鸡6周龄时活重、体斜长和龙骨长等均高于其他品种（P＜0.05），而青脚矮小隐性白羽鸡生长速度较慢，其活重、胸角、体斜长等均显著低于其他品种（P＜0.05）。在同一品种内，公鸡的活重、体斜长、胸角等指标均高于母鸡。

表1 3个品种6周龄的体尺测定结果

Table 1 Body size measurements of the three cultivars at 6 weeks of age

项目Items	矮小隐性白羽鸡Dwarf recessive white-feathered chicken		隐性白羽鸡 Recessive white chickens		青脚矮小隐性白羽鸡Blue-footed short-legged recessive white-feathered chicken
性别Sex	公	母	公	母	公	母
活重Live-weight/g	872.00±132.06^ab	735.17±84.08^bc	1010.50±34.58^a	998.17±47.67^a	706.67±43.14^cd	592.17±98.02^d
胸角Thoracic angle/°	95.10±2.98^a	88.75±2.38^b	92.40±2.25^ab	91.40±1.67^ab	90.55±2.58^b	91.12±2.55^ab
体斜长Body slant length/cm	14.12±1.14^bc	13.78±0.68^bc	15.02±0.32^ab	15.58±0.56^a	14.78±0.40^ab	12.92±0.96^c
龙骨长Keel length/cm	8.85±1.18^b	10.02±0.85^ab	10.43±0.56^a	10.53±0.27^a	9.75±0.54^ab	8.78±1.21^b
胫围Lower leg circumference/cm	3.88±0.26^ab	3.50±0.06^c	4.12±0.08^a	3.90±0.06^ab	3.62±0.22^bc	3.45±0.37^c
胸宽Chest breadth/cm	7.97±1.30^a	5.86±0.22^b	6.21±0.59^b	5.96±0.45^b	5.48±0.39^b	5.48±0.46^b
胸深Chest depth/cm	9.74±1.74^a	7.08±0.39^b	7.80±0.50^b	7.37±0.90^b	7.08±0.44^b	6.39±0.39^b
骨盆宽Wide pelvis/cm	5.98±1.23^a	3.37±0.41^b	3.44±0.47^b	3.69±0.21^b	3.36±0.21^b	3.54±0.32^b
胫长Calf length/cm	8.38±1.39^a	5.89±0.25^bc	6.95±0.56^b	6.78±0.27^b	6.21±0.19^bc	5.64±0.34^c

	同行数据中含相同字母表示差异不显著（P>0.05），不同字母表示差异显著（P<0.05），下同。
	Note: In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P＞0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P ＜0.05), the same as below.

2.2 屠宰性能

由表2可知，隐性白羽肉鸡屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重均显著高于其他品种（P＜0.05），而青脚矮小隐性白羽肉鸡的屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重均显著低于其他品种（P＜0.05）。在同一品种中，公鸡的屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重均高于母鸡。3个品种的屠宰率等指标相似，差异不显著（P＞0.05）。

表2 3种肉鸡6周龄的屠宰性能

Table 2 Slaughter performance of three kinds of broilers at 6 weeks of age

项目Items	矮小隐性白羽鸡 Short-statured recessive white-feathered chicken		隐性白羽鸡 Recessive white chickens		青脚矮小隐性白羽鸡 Blue-footed short-legged recessive white-feathered chicken		P值P-value
项目Items	公	母	公	母	公	母	P值P-value
屠体重Carcass weight/g	774.17±112.27^a	639.83±78.11^b	894.33±35.23^a	870.33±41.9^a	617.67±51.06^b	525.17±72.18^b	-
屠宰率Carcass rate/%	88.86±0.87	86.98±1.74	88.52±2.66	87.19±0.67	87.31±2.31	89.14±3.47	0.481
半净膛重Half-eviscerated weight/g	709.33±106.01^a	586.50±77.06^b	803.83±30.83^a	792.83±37.28^a	581.83±35.47^bc	479.33±66.23^c	-
半净膛率Half-eviscerated rate/%	81.37±0.87	79.66±1.98	79.54±1.08	79.44±0.81	82.34±0.88	81.37±3.35	0.068
全净膛重Full-eviscerated weight/g	549.00±96.91^ab	457.33±55.78^bc	616.83±19.98^a	608.17±28.87^a	445.67±29.86^cd	366.17±56.38^d	-
全净膛率Total empty-body weight/%	62.75±2.05	62.19±1.32	61.05±0.79	60.93±0.89	63.05±0.72	61.99±1.77	0.096
腹脂重Abdominal fat weight/g	17.96±6.10^ab	19.84±2.68^ab	12.53±3.85^abc	20.27±4.27^a	12.22±3.53^bc	9.59±1.49^bc	-
腹脂率Abdominal fat percentage/%	1.99±0.53^ab	2.73±0.74^a	1.24±0.36^b	2.02±0.35^ab	1.75±0.59^ab	1.67±0.47^b	-
胸肌重Breast muscle weight/g	64.22±15.12^b	61.64±7.04^b	85.29±11.36^a	91.44±7.82^a	58.47±4.10^b	47.55±11.19^b	-
胸肌率Breast muscle rate/%	7.76±2.46	7.45±1.70	9.09±1.61	9.08±0.92	9.09±2.06	7.66±2.17	0.723
腿肌重Leg muscle weight/g	53.30±49.41^b	38.27±43.48^b	126.47±28.77^a	130.87±14.90^a	84.33±7.59^ab	70.45±12.24^b	-
腿肌率Leg muscle rate/%	6.33±5.9^ab	4.81±5.39^ab	13.38±2.84^a	13.01±1.70^a	13.32±4.29^a	11.31±2.46^ab	-

2.3 肉品质测定

由表3可知，3种鸡pH1值、滴水损失率、肌内脂肪含量均相近，差异不显著（P＞0.05）。而3个品种的肌肉肉色和剪切力虽然有一定的差别，但差异不显著（P＞0.05）。

表3 3种肉鸡肌肉品质测定

Table3 Determination of meat quality in three broilers

种类Breeds	性别Sex	pH1	肉色lMeat color l	肉色a Meat color a	肉色b Meat color b	滴水损失率Water loss rate/%	剪切力 Shear force/N	肌内脂肪含量 Intramscular fat content/%
矮小隐性白羽鸡Short-statured recessive white-feathered chicken	公	6.27±0.41	46.68±2.09	8.25±1.72^ab	12.49±1.91^ab	1.86±1.83	16.15±5.01^b	1.86±0.34
矮小隐性白羽鸡Short-statured recessive white-feathered chicken	母	6.43±0.47	47.68±4.39	9.64±1.41^ab	13.28±1.44^ab	2.87±1.93	19.60±5.02^ab	1.81±0.27
隐性白羽鸡 Recessive white chickens	公	6.09±0.33	45.65±2.56	9.82±1.22^ab	11.55±1.83^ab	0.75±0.29	17.05±4.31^b	1.95±0.29
隐性白羽鸡 Recessive white chickens	母	6.46±0.62	47.18±2.37	7.99±1.31^b	10.17±1.61^b	1.96±2.18	17.98±5.52^ab	1.79±0.39
青脚矮小隐性白羽鸡Blue-footed short-legged recessive white-feathered chicken	公	6.23±0.43	49.78±3.24	10.38±1.51^ab	13.16±1.03^ab	1.85±0.86	24.24±4.10^ab	1.38±0.46
	母	6.36±0.82	48.83±3.13	10.87±2.32^a	13.87±2.96^a	2.07±1.07	25.79±4.13^a	1.94±0.32
P值P- value		0.839	0.211	-	-		0.183	-	0.079

	注：同列数据中含相同字母表示差异不显著（P>0.05），不同字母表示差异显著（P<0.05）。
	Note: In the same column, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P＞0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P ＜0.05), the same as below.

3 讨论

体尺作为表型数据，通过测量鸡只的龙骨长、胫围等指标大小，来判定鸡只的生长状况。大量研究表明，体尺性状与生长性能、肉品质等有一定的关联性^[8,9]。因此，体尺性状也在种质特性和家禽选种选育过程中是主要的参考依据之一^[10]，体尺性状受遗传、年龄、性别、营养水平等多种因素的影响，是反映机体发育和健康情况的重要指标之一^[11]。本研究中隐性白羽鸡体重最大，体斜长和龙骨长也较长，属于快大型白羽鸡。本研究中3个品系公鸡的胫围、胸深、骨盆和胫长均显著大于母鸡，与屠云洁等^[10]研究结果相似。试验中所测定的各项体尺指标也基本反映出它们的品种特征，总的来说体重越大的品种，各项体尺指标也越大^[11]。

屠宰性能是评估家禽胴体品质的关键指标，主要包括屠宰率、半屠宰率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率和腹脂率等^[12]。屠宰率和全净膛率是衡量畜禽产肉性能、评价产肉能力的主要指标，只有同时满足屠宰率≥80%、全净膛率≥60%情况下，才被认为屠宰性能良好^[13]。性别、品种、日龄、健康状况及操作方法等，都对屠宰性能有影响。本试验中3个品种鸡屠宰率均在80%以上，全净膛率均在60%，均达到了良好屠宰性能的标准。3种肉鸡屠宰率、半净膛率和全净膛率差异均不显著，表明3种肉鸡产肉性能较为一致。胸肌率和腿肌率是评价畜禽产品性能的重要生物学指标，其数值高低能够一定程度上反映畜禽产品品质的优劣程度^[10,12,14]。张扬等^[15]认为胸肌率和腿肌率是衡量家禽产肉率高低的重要指标，决定了屠宰性能的上限。本试验结果表明：隐性白羽鸡胸肌和腿肌最重，且其腹脂率最低，表明隐性白羽鸡产肉性能更优。

腹脂是衡量鸡只健康程度的一个指标，过度的腹脂沉积，会影响鸡只的产蛋性能、肉品质等。腹脂一般都会随着品种、性别、日龄等的变化而变化^[16]。一般来说，高选育肉鸡的腹脂沉积速度明显高于地方鸡种和腹脂率选育程度低的鸡种。在本试验中，隐性白羽公鸡和青脚矮小隐性白羽鸡母鸡的腹脂率较低。

肉品质是从肌肉的感官、适口性、营养价值等各个方面来综合体现的，且各个指标之间均存在一定的相互关系^[8]。pH1值、肉色、滴水损失、剪切力、肌内脂肪含量等是评价肉品质的主要指标^[17]。pH1是辨别肉质优劣的重要指标之一，其数值越低，代表肉质越酸，肉品质和风味越差。肉色可以反映肌肉的生理生化特点，通过测量肉色来判断肉的新鲜程度和嫩度^[18]。屠宰前肌肉中的糖原含量以及糖原酶的活性决定屠宰后pH值的变化大小^[19]。一般正常肌肉的pH值在6.0～6.5，随着放置时间的延长，糖原逐渐降解，乳酸含量增加，肌肉pH值逐渐下降^[20]。本研究中3个品系鸡均于屠宰后1 h内测定，胸肌pH呈弱酸性。洪璐等^[1]对白羽肉鸡B系进行研究表明，该品系屠宰后24h内胸肌肌肉pH均呈弱酸性，与本研究结果一致。肉色是反映肉品质的一个重要指标，能最直观地反映消费者喜爱程度^[21]。L值、a值、b值分别代表肌肉的亮度、红度和黄度^[22]。一般来说，亮度值较低，红度、黄度较高的肌肉受大众喜爱^[8]。在本试验结果中，几种肌肉的亮度无差异，红度和黄度都无规律地变化。水分是机体的重要组成成分，鸡肉中含水量一般在70%～75%^[23]。肌肉中水分含量的多少会对肌肉的口感、色泽、加工方式等方面产生影响。滴水损失率可以用来判断肌肉的持水性能，间接反映肌肉嫩度、多汁性、色泽等肉品质性状^[24]。剪切力也是评定肌肉多汁性和嫩度的有效指标，剪切力越小，肉质越嫩，肌肉的保水性能越强^[25]。本研究中公鸡的滴水损失率均低于母鸡，但差异不显著。洪璐等^[1]研究中发现，白羽肉鸡公鸡的胸肌更容易失去水分，与本研究结果相似^[1]。肌内脂肪的含量不仅影响着肌肉的嫩度，还与肉的多汁性和风味形成有关^[26]。本研究中矮小隐性白羽肉鸡和隐性白羽肉鸡公鸡的肌内脂肪含量均高于其母鸡，差异不显著。本研究中的3种肉鸡肉品质有一定差异，但各个指标较为接近，差异不显著。

4 结论

本试验结果表明，隐性白羽鸡生长速度较快、屠宰性能和产肉性能较优，其活重、屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重、腿肌率均显著高于其他2个品种。矮小隐性白羽鸡和青脚矮小隐性白鸡的屠宰和肉品质性能也较好，可作为小体型黄羽肉鸡杂交组合的品系之一。3种白羽鸡的肌肉品质均较好，可为培育优质肉鸡新配套系提供育种素材。

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