中国畜禽种业 ›› 2026, Vol. 22 ›› Issue (10): 96-113.doi: 10.19543/j.cnki.1673-4556.20260817.001cstr: 32418.14.j.cnki.1673-4556.20260817.001

• 种质资源利用 • 上一篇    下一篇

中国地方黄牛种质资源状况与产业发展现状及建议

张志浩1(), 高雪2, 魏大为3, 张子敬4, 马云3, 王二耀4, 陈宁博1, 雷初朝1, 李俊雅2, 黄永震1()   

  1. 1. 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院，陕西 杨凌 712100
    2. 中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所，北京 100193
    3. 宁夏大学动物科技学院，宁夏 银川 750021
    4. 河南省农业科学院畜牧研究所，河南 郑州 450002
  • 收稿日期:2026-02-04 出版日期:2026-10-26 发布日期:2026-09-29
  • 通讯作者: 黄永震
  • 作者简介:
    张志浩（1999—），男，山东滨州人，博士研究生，研究方向：动物遗传育种与繁殖，E-mail：。
  • 基金资助:
    科技创新2030—重大项目(2023ZD040480206); 宁夏回族自治区重点研发计划(2024BBF01007); 河南省肉牛产业技术体系项目(HARS-22-13-S); 国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-37)

The status of local cattle germplasm resources and the current situation and suggestions for its industrial development in China

Zhihao Zhang1(), Xue Gao2, Dawei Wei3, Zijing Zhang4, Yun Ma3, Eryao Wang4, Ningbo Chen1, Chuzhao Lei1, Junya Li2, Yongzhen Huang1()   

  1. 1. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
    2. Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
    3. College of;Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
    4. Institute of Animal Husbandry, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
  • Received:2026-02-04 Online:2026-10-26 Published:2026-09-29
  • Contact: Yongzhen Huang

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摘要：

中国地方黄牛种质资源是我国畜禽遗传资源的重要组成部分，具有丰富的遗传多样性、显著的经济价值与独特的文化价值。本文系统综述了我国地方黄牛种质资源的研究进展与产业发展现状。在基础研究领域，本文涵盖了基于线粒体DNA、SNP芯片及全基因组重测序等技术的遗传多样性评估，在此基础上，重点解析了生长发育、肉用性能、繁殖性能及适应性等经济性状的遗传机制，进而整合表型观测与分子标记数据，构建了综合性资源评价框架。育种技术方面，探讨了传统选育方法与分子标记辅助选择、全基因组选择及基因编辑等前沿技术的融合可能性。在资源保护与开发利用领域，详细阐述了多层次保种体系，涵盖活体保护（保种场、保护区及核心群）、冷冻保存（精液、胚胎及体细胞）以及分子水平储备（基因组文库和特异性基因资源）。同时，归纳出以肉用导向为主体、兼有乳用、肉乳兼用及文化功能挖掘的多元化利用模式，典型案例涉及秦川牛的全产业链运营、延边黄牛的高端市场策略、温岭高峰牛特色产品开发等。值得注意的是，当前该领域仍面临若干瓶颈，包括基础研究深度有待加强、育种技术更新相对滞后、保护行动与产业需求衔接不足，以及产业整体规模化程度偏低、链条延伸性有限等问题。着眼未来，应持续强化基础研究与关键功能基因的鉴定，加速现代育种技术的应用转化，建立保护、选育与利用三者协同的长效机制，推动产业提质增效与品牌价值提升，同时深化国际协作，从而为中国地方黄牛资源的长期高效利用奠定坚实基础。

关键词: 中国地方黄牛, 种质资源, 选育利用, 种质创新, 产业发展

Abstract:

As an important component of China's livestock and poultry genetic resources, Chinese indigenous yellow cattle germplasm resources boast abundant genetic diversity, remarkable economic value and unique cultural value. This paper systematically reviews the research progress and industrial development status of Chinese indigenous yellow cattle germplasm resources. In the basic research domain, this paper covers genetic diversity assessment based on mitochondrial DNA, SNP chips, whole-genome resequencing and other technologies. On this basis, it focuses on analyzing the genetic mechanisms of economic traits including growth and development, meat performance, reproductive performance and adaptability. Furthermore, it integrates phenotypic observation and molecular marker data to construct a comprehensive resource evaluation framework. Regarding breeding technologies, this paper discusses the integration feasibility of conventional breeding methods and cutting-edge technologies such as molecular marker-assisted selection, genomic selection and gene editing. In the field of conservation, development and utilization of germplasm resources, this review elaborates on the multi-level conservation system, covering in vivo conservation (conservation farms, conservation areas and core herds), cryopreservation (semen, embryos and somatic cells) and molecular-level preservation (genomic libraries and specific genetic resources). Meanwhile, it summarizes a diversified utilization with meat-oriented development as the core, complemented by dairy utilization, dual-purpose utilization of meat and milk, and cultural value exploration. Typical cases include the whole industrial chain operation of Qinchuan cattle, the high-end market strategy of Yanbian Yellow Cattle, and the characteristic product development of Wenling Gaofeng cattle. It is worth noting that the current field still faces several bottlenecks, including insufficient depth of basic research, relatively lagging update of breeding technologies, poor connection between conservation actions and industrial demands, low overall large-scale development level of the industry, and limited industrial chain extension, among other issues. Looking forward, we should continue to strengthen fundamental exploration and identification of key functional genes, accelerate the application and transformation of modern breeding technologies, establish a long-term synergistic mechanism for conservation, breeding and utilization, promote industrial quality improvement, efficiency enhancement and brand value promotion, and deepen international cooperation, so as to lay a solid foundation for the long-term and efficient utilization of Chinese indigenous yellow cattle resources.

Key words: Chinese local yellow cattle, Germplasm resources, Breeding and utilization, Germplasm innovation, Industrial development

中图分类号: 

  • S823

表1

中国牛种遗传资源普查数量"

牛种

Cattle breed

类型

Type

第一次资源调查

The first resource survey

第二次资源调查

The second resource survey

第三次资源调查

The third resource survey

新增

New additions
普通牛Bos taurus 地方品种 28 53 57 4
培育品种 4 8 11 3
引入品种 5 11 15 4

水牛

Bubalus bubalis

 地方品种 1 26 27 1
引入品种 2 2 3 1
牦牛Bos grunniens 地方品种 5 11 22 11
引入品种 0 1 2 1
大额牛Bos frontalis 地方品种 0 1 1 0
瘤牛Bos indicus 引入品种 0 0 1 1
总计Total 45 113 139 26

表2

传统选育技术培育的代表性肉牛新品种及其性能提升"

序号NO.

品种名称

Breed name

主要血统/培育方式

Main bloodline breeding method

品种特点与性能提升

Breed Characteristics and performance enhancement
1 中国西门塔尔牛 利用引进的西门塔尔牛与地方牛品种杂交选育而成 乳肉兼用型品种，生产性能比地方牛种有显著提高
2 新疆褐牛 利用引进的西门塔尔等品种与地方牛品种杂交选育而成 乳肉兼用型品种，生产性能比地方牛种有显著提高
3 三河牛 利用引进的西门塔尔等品种与地方牛品种杂交选育而成 乳肉兼用型品种，生产性能比地方牛种有显著提高
4 夏南牛 利用引进的夏洛来等品种与地方牛品种杂交选育而成 专门化肉牛品种，生产性能比地方牛种有显著提高
5 延黄牛 利用引进的夏洛来等品种与地方牛品种杂交选育而成 专门化肉牛品种，生产性能比地方牛种有显著提高
6 辽育白牛 以夏洛来牛为父本，辽宁本地黄牛为母本，级进杂交培育而成 专门化肉牛品种。初生重公犊、母犊分别为43.6和40.3 kg；成年种公牛平均体重1084 kg；产肉量比地方牛多30%以上
7 云岭牛 以云南本地黄牛为母本，婆罗门牛、莫累灰牛为父本的三元杂交 我国首个三元杂交肉牛新品种，生长快，可生产高档雪花牛肉
8 湘中黑牛 以黑色安格斯牛为父本，湖南娄底本地黄牛为母本杂交培育而成 二元杂交品种，初生重提高28.7%；18月龄体重可达420kg以上；屠宰率59.02%

表3

已研发的基因组育种芯片"

序号NO.

模型/芯片名称

Model/Chip name

类型

Type

针对品种

Target breed

主要经济性状

Major economic traits
1 “中国黄牛1号”50 K育种芯片 固相芯片 中国黄牛代表性品种（如秦川牛等） 综合性状（通用型）
2 “楚牛一号”40K液相育种芯片 液相芯片 湖北地方黄牛（枣北牛、黄陂黄牛、郧巴黄牛、恩施黄牛、夷陵牛） 产肉、繁殖等
3 “延边黄牛HQ-50 K-V1”芯片 固相芯片 延边黄牛 肉用性状（胴体重、肌内脂肪含量、嫩度、背膘厚等）
4 “豫牛一号”50 K育种芯片 固相芯片 河南地方肉牛（南阳牛、郏县红牛、夏南牛、皮南牛、德南牛等） 生长、抗病、毛色、饲料转化率等14个性状
5

“秦川牛芯1号”（秦宝芯1.0）

低密度育种芯片

 液相芯片 秦宝牛（以秦川牛为母本，含安格斯牛、和牛等品种特异性标记） 生长速度、肌内脂肪沉积能力（雪花牛肉）、净肉率等

表4

我国地方黄牛品种核心群保护现状与代表性案例"

序号NO. 品种Breed 所在地Location

核心群规模/结构

Core population size/Structure

保护措施/特点

Conservation measures/Features
1 延边黄牛 吉林省 核心群体规模达3000头，2024年饲养量达18.1万头 到2024年，延边州建有国家级种公牛站1个、保种场2个及核心育种场1个，品种保护体系处于国内领先水平
2 郏县红牛 河南省 核心群600余头，涵盖8个家系 当地建成国家级保种场1个、规模养殖场98个，形成育种、饲养、屠宰加工全产业链条；国家级畜禽遗传资源保护品种；建有郏县红牛研究院
3 枣北黄牛 湖北省 据统计，枣阳市现存栏枣北黄牛9933头，其中公牛7221头、能繁母牛1220头 划定枣北黄牛保护区，建立保种基地，编制保护与利用规划，建设产学研游产业发展基地
4 夷陵黄牛 湖北省 2018年登记基础母牛1200头、种公牛40头；2023年核心群种公牛达12个家系、母牛存栏415头以上 建有高标准保种场（如湖北丰联佳沃夷陵牛保种场）；建立冻精冻胚保种基因库，实行“以用代保”策略；成立宜昌市夷陵牛产业发展联盟；2018年通过国家畜禽遗传资源鉴定并公告为新品种
5 务川黑牛 贵州省 截至2024年，全县存栏能繁母牛360头，全省存栏量不足1000头 2023年贵州鸿运祥农业公司建立保种场，存栏能繁母牛60头、种公牛5头
6 南阳牛 河南省 目前，全省约有南阳黄牛200多万头 建立了南阳市黄牛研究所、南阳市黄牛良种繁育场、南阳市家畜冷冻精液中心站、南阳黄牛科技中心等机构，2014年2月14日原农业部发布第2061号公告，南阳黄牛列入《国家级畜禽遗传资源保护名录》，2025年农业农村部修订《国家级畜禽遗传资源保护名录》，南阳牛仍为重点保护对象
7 秦川牛 陕西省 目前，总头数约在60万头以上 采取保种场保护；2008年陕西省秦川牛原种场被列为国家级畜禽遗传资源保种场
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主管：中华人民共和国农业农村部
主办：中国农业科学院农业信息研究所
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