藏青牛遗传资源现状及种质特性鉴定研究

doi:10.19543/j.cnki.1673-4556.20260707.002

中国畜禽种业 ›› 2026, Vol. 22 ›› Issue (8): 68-78.doi: 10.19543/j.cnki.1673-4556.20260707.002cstr: 32418.14.j.cnki.1673-4556.20260707.002

藏青牛遗传资源现状及种质特性鉴定研究

索朗曲吉¹^,², 普布占堆¹^,², 李斌¹^,², 斯朗旺姆¹^,², 温东旭¹^,², 赵丽¹^,², 嘎玛央宗³, 次仁罗布¹^,², 陈晓英¹^,², 尼玛¹^,², 西热强马¹^,², 达瓦¹^,², 扎西坚参⁴, 拉巴次仁⁵, 张楠⁵, 马毅⁶, 陈宁博⁷

^1. 西藏自治区农牧科学院畜牧兽医研究所，西藏拉萨 850009
^2. 农业农村部青藏高原畜禽遗传育种重点实验室，西藏拉萨 850009
^3. 西藏浪卡子县农牧综合服务中心，西藏浪卡子 851100
^4. 西藏浪卡子县打隆镇农牧综合服务中心，西藏浪卡子 851100
^5. 西藏自治区畜牧总站，西藏拉萨 850000
^6. 天津市农业科学院，天津 300192
^7. 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院，陕西杨凌 712100

收稿日期:2026-03-24 出版日期:2026-08-26 发布日期:2026-07-31

作者简介:

索朗曲吉（1983—），女，藏族，西藏措那人，副研究员，主要从事动物育种研究，西藏自治区农牧科学院畜牧兽医研究所副研究员，长期从事奶牛领域的科研工作。主持自治区重点研发及转化、自治区科技厅中央引导项目等5项，参与项目12项；在国内外期刊发表论文29篇，其中SCI论文7篇、北大核心期刊论文9篇、省级期刊论文13篇；撰写专著2本（副主编）；参与发明专利5项，授权实用新型专利14项，登记软件著作权5项；参与制定地方标准5项。主要荣誉与奖励：2019年12月荣获自治区“三区三州”“事业单位脱贫攻坚突出贡献奖”， 2021年获畜牧所“先进工作者”，2019年荣获自治区农科院科技创新参与奖（“高原反刍家畜营养调控技术研究与示范推广”）， 2022年荣获自治区科技创新参与奖（“氨基酸对奶牛泌乳调控的分子机制研究”）。E-mail：547692283@qq.com。

陈宁博（1987—），男，西北农林科技大学动物科技学院，教授，博士生导师，陕西省青年科技新星。兼任中国畜牧兽医学会养牛学分会理事、畜禽遗传标记分会常务理事、陕西省遗传学会常务理事。以第一作者和通讯作者在Science Advances、Nature Communications、Science Bulletin、PNAS、Genome Biology、National Science Review等杂志发表论文30余篇，授权发明专利9件，获中国畜牧兽医学会奖等奖励5次。主持国家自然科学基金（青年项目B类、C类、生物育种专项）、国家重点研发计划课题等8项项目。主要从事牛遗传资源研究，E-mail：ningbochen@nwafu.edu.cn。

基金资助:
高原山地型气候区奶牛新种质创制(NK2022120106); 藏南青牛遗传资源鉴定(XZNKY-XMS-202501); 地缘性菌种复配对奶牛生产性能的影响研究(XZNKY-XMSTC-2025-005); 国家自然科学基金(32102523)

Study on the current situation of genetic resources and identification of germplasm characteristics of Tibetan gray cattle

Suolang Quji¹^,², Pubu Zhandui¹^,², Bin Li¹^,², Silang Wangmu¹^,², Dongxu Wen¹^,², Li Zhao¹^,², Gama Yangzong³, Ciren Luobu¹^,², Xiaoying Chen¹^,², Ma Ni¹^,², Xire Qiangma¹^,², Dawa¹^,², Zhaxi Jiancan⁴, Laba Ciren⁵, Nan Zhang⁵, Yi Ma⁶, Ningbo Chen⁷

^1. Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lhasa, 850009, Xizang
^2. Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lhasa, 850009, Xizang
^3. Comprehensive Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Service Center of Langkazi, Langkazi, 851100, Xizang
^4. Comprehensive Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Service Center of Dalong Town, Langkazi, 851100, Xizang
^5. Animal Husbandry Station of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, 850000, Xizang
^6. Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300192
^7. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi

Received:2026-03-24 Online:2026-08-26 Published:2026-07-31

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的为系统评估藏青牛的资源现状、种质特性及开发潜力，明确其作为独立遗传资源的地位。方法本研究以藏青牛核心分布区山南市为调研范围，在2023年9月开始通过实地走访、数据收集、体尺测定和生产性能调查，并整合98个藏牛基因组数据，结合群体遗传学分析，对藏青牛进行了全面调研与分析。结果研究发现，藏青牛的中心产区集中于西藏山南市的浪卡子县、洛扎县以及日喀则市的白朗县、定结县和康马县，平均海拔4000 m以上，2021年末存栏量约为3100头。该品种以铁青色或灰青色毛色为主要特征，面部多呈白色，角白色且角尖黑色，体格健壮紧凑，具有耐寒、耐粗饲和高海拔适应能力强等特点。体尺测定结果显示，不同年龄阶段个体的体高、体长、胸围和管围均存在显著差异（P ＜ 0.05）。生产性能调查表明，藏青牛平均日产奶量为3.60 kg，日产奶量范围为1.50～9.00 kg。基于104339970个高质量SNP位点开展的群体遗传学分析发现，藏青牛形成稳定单系分支，遗传组分单一且稳定，群体内部遗传一致性较高，与其他藏牛群体存在明显遗传分化，表明其独立的群体遗传结构。结论研究明确了藏青牛的产区分布、种群数量、表型特征及独立遗传特性，揭示其存在近交衰退风险高、保种体系不完善、繁育结构待优化等问题。

关键词: 藏青牛, 资源现状, 种质特性

Abstract:

Objective To evaluate the resource status, germplasm characteristics and development potential of Tibetan gray cattle, and thereby clarify their status as an independent genetic resource. Method This study focused on Shannan City as the research scope, and conducted investigations and analysis of the cattle. In September-October of 2023, the team completed field surveys, data collection, body measurement, production performance investigation, and combined with molecular genetic analysis by integrating genomic data of 98 Tibetan cattle. Result The results showed that the core distribution area of Tibetan gray cattle is located in Langkazi and Luozha counties of Shannan City, as well as Bailang, Dingjie and Kangma counties of Shigatse City, Tibet Autonomous Region, with an average altitude exceeding 4000 meter above sea level. The population size was approximately 3100 head at the end of 2021. Tibetan gray cattle are characterized by a distinctive iron-gray or bluish-gray coat color. Phenotypically, they exhibit predominantly white facial markings, white horns with black tips and a robust body conformation. Moreover, they possess strong adaptability to cold climates, efficient utilization of coarse forage resources and remarkable tolerance to high-altitude environments. Morphometric analyses revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) in body height, body length, bust and shank circumference among different age groups. Production performance evaluation indicated that the average daily milk yield of Tibetan gray cattle was 3.60 kilogram, ranging from 1.50 to 9.00 kilogram per day. Population genetic analyses based on 104339970 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms demonstrated that Tibetan gray cattle formed a stable monophyletic lineage with a relatively homogeneous and stable genetic composition. Furthermore, the population exhibited high genetic consistency within the breed and clear genetic differentiation from other Tibetan cattle populations, supporting its status as a genetically distinct population with an independent genetic structure. These findings demonstrate that Tibetan gray cattle possess a unique genetic background and an independent population genetic structure, supporting their recognition as a distinct indigenous cattle genetic resource on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Conclusion The research has clarified the distribution area, population size, phenotypic characteristics and independent genetic traits of the Tibetan gray cattle. It revealed that they face high risks of inbreeding depression, imperfect conservation system and an unoptimized breeding structure.

Key words: Tibetan gray cattle, Resource status, Germplasm characteristics

中图分类号:

S823

索朗曲吉, 普布占堆, 李斌, 斯朗旺姆, 温东旭, 赵丽, 嘎玛央宗, 次仁罗布, 陈晓英, 尼玛, 西热强马, 达瓦, 扎西坚参, 拉巴次仁, 张楠, 马毅, 陈宁博. 藏青牛遗传资源现状及种质特性鉴定研究[J]. 中国畜禽种业, 2026, 22(8): 68-78.

Suolang Quji, Pubu Zhandui, Bin Li, Silang Wangmu, Dongxu Wen, Li Zhao, Gama Yangzong, Ciren Luobu, Xiaoying Chen, Ma Ni, Xire Qiangma, Dawa, Zhaxi Jiancan, Laba Ciren, Nan Zhang, Yi Ma, Ningbo Chen. Study on the current situation of genetic resources and identification of germplasm characteristics of Tibetan gray cattle[J]. Chinese Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 2026, 22(8): 68-78.

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品种Breeds	原产地 Origins	样本数No. of samples	数据来源 Data sources
定结牛Dingjie Cattle	西藏	43	PRJNA905718; PRJNA1158668
迪庆牛Diqing Cattle	云南	9	PRJNA905718
浪卡子牛Langkazi Cattle	西藏	10	PRJNA1158668
日喀则牛Shigatse Cattle	西藏	5	PRJNA905718
昌都牛Changdu Cattle	西藏	7	PRJNA379859
樟木牛Zhangmu Cattle	西藏	2	PRJNA597241
玉树黄牛Yushu Yellow Cattle	青海	22	PRJNA905718

序号No.	县County	存栏Stock size/头
1	浪卡子县	1100
2	洛扎县	780
3	白朗县	710
4	定结县	830
5	康马县	750
合计Total		3100

指标Index	公牛Bull			母牛Cow
指标Index	青年期（1～3岁）	成年期（>3岁）		幼年期（0～1岁）		青年期（1～3岁）		成年期（>3岁）
调查头数Number/头	8	4	5		20		63
体高Body height/cm	94.13±6.90	103.50±1.29	73.20±4.15		95.30±6.30		105.02±8.89
体长Body length/cm	105.38±13.27	126.00±14.02	72.40±6.02		105.90±10.48		118.94±12.66
胸围Bust/cm	133.00±15.51	155.38±15.32	91.40±6.27		131.28±10.05		149.79±10.99
管围Shank circumference/cm	15.75±3.88	17.00±2.16	11.60±2.07		14.13±2.26		15.33±2.78

指标 Index	组别 Group	均值 ± 标准差 Mean±SD	偏度 Skewness	峰度 Kurtosis	正态性检验 S-W P	方差齐性 Levene P
体高Body height/cm	幼年期（0～1岁）	73.20 ± 4.15	-0.971	-0.473	0.390	0.067
	青年期（1～3岁）	94.96 ± 6.37	-0.244	-0.992	0.291
	成年期（>3岁）	104.93 ± 8.63	-0.073	-0.264	0.870
体长Body length/cm	幼年期（0～1岁）	72.40 ± 6.02	2.049	4.398	0.015	0.210
	青年期（1～3岁）	105.75 ± 11.09	-0.010	-0.928	0.600
	成年期（>3岁）	119.37 ± 12.74	0.237	-0.324	0.586
胸围Bust/cm	幼年期（0～1岁）	91.40 ± 6.27	-0.489	-1.764	0.651	0.391
	青年期（1～3岁）	131.77 ± 11.58	0.283	1.717	0.324
	成年期（>3岁）	150.12 ± 11.22	-0.113	-0.597	0.577
管围Shank circumference/cm	幼年期（0～1岁）	11.60 ± 2.07	1.447	1.931	0.171	0.747
	青年期（1～3岁）	14.59 ± 2.84	1.607	2.061	0.000
	成年期（>3岁）	15.43 ± 2.77	1.878	3.143	0.000

指标Index	幼年期（0～1岁） Childhood (0~1 years)	青年期（1～3岁） Adolescence(1~3 years)	成年期（>3岁） Adulthood (> 3 years)	H	P
体高Body height/cm	75 (69, 76.5)	95(90, 101)	105 (99, 110)	35.472	< 0.001***
体长Body length/cm	70 (69, 77)	106 (96.25, 115)	119 (110, 128)	31.351	< 0.001***
胸围Bust/cm	93 (85, 97)	132 (123.5, 139)	150 (140, 158)	44.330	< 0.001***
管围Shank circumference/cm	11 (10, 13.5)	13.25 (13, 15.75)	15 (14, 16)	13.899	< 0.001***

藏青牛遗传资源现状及种质特性鉴定研究

Study on the current situation of genetic resources and identification of germplasm characteristics of Tibetan gray cattle

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牛只年龄 Age/岁	测定头数 Number/头	最小值 Min/kg	最大值 Max/kg	平均日产奶量 Average daily milk production /kg	标准差 SD
合计	69	1.5	9	3.60	0.96
3	7	2	5	3.43	0.98
4～6	38	1.5	9	3.58	1.15
>6	24	2.5	5	3.67	0.60

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