农大6号蛋鸡配套系的培育

doi:10.19543/j.cnki.1673-4556.20260610.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的为顺应我国蛋鸡种业自主创新与粉壳蛋消费升级趋势，立足江苏省特色养殖需求，针对现有特色蛋鸡品种存在的产蛋性能不足、料蛋比偏高、商品整齐度差、淘汰鸡效益低等问题，特开展青脚黑羽小型粉壳蛋鸡配套系培育。通过地方资源与高产蛋鸡三系配套，实现高产性能与特色性状有机结合，提升我国蛋鸡品种竞争力，满足市场对优质特色蛋品与高附加值淘汰鸡的需求，促进产业提质增效和农民增收。方法 “农大6号”蛋鸡配套系在培育过程中，以源自江苏东台的黑羽青脚地方鸡种（贵妃鸡与元宝鸡杂交后代）为素材育成H系作为终端父系，并引入洛岛红标准品种，慢羽A系（“农大5号”小型蛋鸡配套系中的母系）和快羽K系（农金1号蛋鸡配套系中的父系）分别作为第一父系和母系。在选育方法上综合运用了个体表型选择、测交选择（如H系黑羽青脚、A系慢羽纯合鉴定）、分子标记辅助选择（MC1R基因筛选H系黑羽性状）、综合指数选择（产蛋数）及同胞选择（公鸡限性性状）。通过从初生雏到66周龄多阶段的严格筛选程序，包括禽白血病、鸡白痢净化、精液品质检测、蛋品质测定等），系统测定了各系的羽色、胫色、体重整齐度、开产日龄、43周和66周产蛋数、蛋重、蛋壳强度、蛋壳光泽度与颜色、哈氏单位、蛋黄比率、受精孵化率及白血病/沙门氏菌阳性率等关键指标，并经中试推广验证了其产粉壳蛋、抗病力强、产蛋高峰持久等优良性能，以及鸡蛋蛋壳强度高、蛋重适中、蛋壳油亮粉色的高品质小粉蛋和老母鸡为黑羽青脚小体型优质鸡的产品优势。结果选育结果显示，“农大6号”配套系父母代公鸡为黑羽青脚快羽、母鸡为红羽黄脚慢羽，经5个世代选育，终端父本H系的黑羽率、青脚率、快羽率均达100%。商品代鸡为黑羽青脚快羽、产粉壳蛋；43周产蛋数提高12.8个，第一父本A系慢羽率达100%、43周产蛋数提高7.5个，母本K系蛋重减少2.1 g、蛋壳颜色均匀度提升；通过持续疾病净化，H系禽白血病阳性率从0.36%降至0.01%，A、K系及三个系的鸡白痢均降至全阴性；在生产性能方面，商品代蛋鸡育雏育成期成活率超过98%，72周龄入舍产蛋数达282.7～284.7个，平均蛋重50.3 g，料蛋比低至2.28∶1，蛋壳强度达4.08～4.51 kg/cm²，兼具产蛋性能高、饲料消耗低、蛋品质优良、淘汰鸡残值高等综合优势。结论 “农大6号”蛋鸡配套系成功利用黑羽青脚地方鸡种与洛岛红标准品系，通过系统的配合力测定、纯系选育、分子标记辅助选择及疾病净化，培育出一个兼具高产、优质、低耗特征的特色蛋鸡配套系。“农大6号”在符合特色消费市场趋势的同时，也满足了蛋鸡养殖户对特色蛋鸡养殖中小体型鸡饲养成本低、鸡蛋售价和淘汰蛋鸡售价高的“二高一低”要求，具有广阔的推广应用前景。

关键词: 农大6号蛋鸡, 配套系, 选育技术

Abstract:

Objective To comply with the trend of independent innovation in China's layer breeding industry and the upgrading of pink-shell egg consumption, address the specific breeding needs of Jiangsu Province, and solve the problems of insufficient laying performance, high feed-to-egg ratio, poor uniformity, and low profitability of culled hens in existing specialty layer breeds, a three-line crossbreeding system of small-sized, green-footed, black-feathered pink-shell layers was developed. By utilizing a three-line mating pattern combining local chicken resources with high-yielding layers, this work aims to integrate high laying performance with specialty traits, enhance the competitiveness of Chinese layer breeds, meet the market demand for high-quality specialty eggs and high-value culled hens, and promote industrial efficiency and farmers' income. Method During the development of the "Nongda No.6" layer crossbreeding system, the terminal sire (line H) was bred based on the black-feathered green-footed local chicken of Dongtai, Jiangsu Province (derived from crossing the black-feathered Yuanbao chicken with the Guifei chicken). The slow-feathering line A (a maternal line of the "Nongda No.5" small-sized layer crossbreeding system) and the fast-feathering line K (a paternal line of the "Nongjin No.1" layer crossbreeding system), both of the Rhode Island Red standard breed, were introduced as the first sire and the maternal line, respectively. The breeding methods comprehensively integrated individual phenotypic selection, testcross selection (e.g., for black feather/green foot traits in line H and homozygosity for slow-feathering in line A), molecular marker-assisted selection (using the MC1R gene to screen for the black feather trait in line H), index selection (for egg number), and sib selection (for sex-limited traits in males). Through a multi-stage selection procedure from day-old chicks to 66 weeks of age (including avian leukosis and pullorum disease purification, semen quality testing, and egg quality measurement), key indicators such as feather color, shank color, body weight uniformity, age at first egg, egg number at 43 and 66 weeks, egg weight, eggshell strength, eggshell glossiness and color, Haugh unit, yolk ratio, fertilization and hatchability rates, as well as avian leukosis/pullorum positive rates were systematically measured for each line. The superior performance of the commercial generation, including pink-shell egg production, strong disease resistance, persistent laying peak, as well as the product advantages of high eggshell strength, moderate egg weight, shiny pink eggs, and high-quality black-feathered, green-footed, small-sized culled hens, was validated through pilot tests. Result The breeding results showed that the parental roosters of the "Nongda No.6" crossbreeding system are black-feathered, green-footed and fast-feathering, while the parental hens are dark red-feathered, yellow-footed and slow-feathering. After five generations of selection, the rates of black feather, green foot and fast-feathering in the terminal sire line H all reached 100%. The commercial generation chickens are black-feathered, green-footed and fast-feathering, and lay shiny pink-shell eggs. The egg number at 43 weeks was increased by 12.8 eggs in line H. The slow-feathering rate in the first sire line A reached 100%, and the egg number at 43 weeks was increased by 7.5 eggs. In the maternal line K, the egg weight at 43 weeks was reduced by 2.1 g, and the uniformity of eggshell color was improved. Through continuous disease purification, the positive rate of avian leukosis in line H decreased from 0.36% to 0.01%, while lines A and K, as well as all three lines for pullorum disease, became completely negative. In terms of production performance, the survival rate of commercial generation chickens from 0 to 18 weeks was over 98%, the number of eggs per hen housed at 72 weeks reached 282.7–284.7, the average egg weight was 50.3 g, the feed-to-egg ratio during the laying period was as low as 2.28∶1, and the eggshell strength at 43 weeks reached 4.08–4.51 kg/cm², demonstrating comprehensive advantages including high egg production, low feed consumption, excellent egg quality and high residual value of culled hens. Conclusion The "Nongda No.6" layer crossbreeding system has successfully developed a specialty layer crossbreeding system characterized by high yield, superior quality and low input by integrating the black-feathered green-footed local chicken with the Rhode Island Red standard breed through systematic combining ability tests, pure line selection, molecular marker-assisted selection and disease purification. The Nongda No.6" not only aligns with the trends of the specialty consumer market but also meets the "two highs and one low" requirements of specialty layer farmers, i.e., low rearing cost for small to medium-sized hens, high egg price and high culled hen price. Therefore, it has broad prospects for promotion and application

Key words: "Nongda No.6" layer, Crossbreeding system, Breeding technology

中图分类号:

S831

李硕, 刘龙, 耿拓宇, 郑传威, 陈亮, 龚道清. 农大6号蛋鸡配套系的培育[J]. 中国畜禽种业, 2026, 22(7): 92-100.

Shuo Li, Long Liu, Tuoyu Geng, Chuanwei Zheng, Liang Chen, Daoqing Gong. Breeding of the Nongda No. 6 layer crossbreeding system[J]. Chinese Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 2026, 22(7): 92-100.

图/表 6

图1

表1

二元和三元杂交组合的生产性能比较"

项目Items	二元杂交Two-breed cross						三元杂交Three-breed cross
项目Items	A_父×B_母	B_父×A_母	A_父×K_母	K_父×A_母	B_父×K_母	K_父×B_母	H_父× （A_父×B_母）	H_父× （A_父×K_母）	H_父× （B_父×K_母）
初生重Body weight at first day/g	39.9	40.1	41.3	41	40.6	41.1	39.4	39.8	40.3
5周龄体重Body weight of 5 weeks/g	412.8	412.5	411.6	411.7	412.4	412	380.2	388.5	386.6
18周龄体重Body weight of 18 weeks/g	1670.7	1650.7	1650	1636.9	1697.1	1690.2	1558.7	1565.7	1580
72周龄体重Body weight of 72 weeks/g	1875.6	1872.9	1878.9	1875.1	1883.1	1884.2	1632.6	1660.9	1655.3
母鸡羽色Hen feather colour	红羽	白羽	红羽	红羽	白羽	红羽	黑羽+白羽	纯黑羽	黑羽+白羽
母鸡羽速Hen feather growth rat	慢羽	慢羽	慢羽	快羽	慢羽	快羽	快羽	快羽	快羽
育雏育成期成活率（0～18周龄）Survival rate during the hatching period(0-18 weeks)/%	97.2	96.1	96.7	95.8	96	95.8	96.6	97	97.1
产蛋期成活率（19～72周龄）Survival rate during egg laying period (19-72 weeks)/%	95.6	93.7	95.2	95.4	95.2	94.1	93.6	95.4	95.1
0～18周龄每只鸡累计耗料量Feed consumption（0-18 weeks）/kg	6.54	6.46	6.43	6.41	6.64	6.61	4.91	4.85	4.82
19～72周龄每只鸡累计耗料量Feed consumption（19-72 weeks）/kg	43.1	43.33	42.6	42.96	42.99	43.22	33.74	33.67	33.41
开产日龄Age at the first egg/d	143.4	142.7	144.2	143.8	142.4	142.1	145.4	143.7	146.2
饲养日产蛋量（19～72周龄）Daily egg production (19-72 weeks)/个	310	288	318	292	305	295	278.1	280.3	272.8
饲养日产蛋总重（19～72周龄）Total egg production weight (19-72 weeks)/kg	18.8	17.4	19.6	17.6	18.6	18	14.1	14.4	13.8
平均蛋重Average egg weight/g	60.7	60.5	61.6	60.4	61.1	60.9	50.7	51.5	50.6
产蛋期料蛋比（19～72周龄）Egg feed ratio during egg laying period (19-72 weeks)	2.29	2.49	2.17	2.44	2.31	2.41	2.39	2.33	2.42

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项目Items	数据Data
育雏育成期成活率Survival rate during the hatching period/%	97
产蛋期只鸡日耗料（19～72周龄）Daily feed consumption of chickens during egg laying period (19-72 weeks)/g	115
育雏育成期（0～18周龄）只鸡累计耗料Accumulated feed consumption of chicks during the incubation period (0-18 weeks)/kg	6.7
成年体重（43周龄）Adult body weight (43 weeks)/kg	1.7
达50%产蛋率日龄Age at 50% egg production rate/d	143～150
入舍鸡产蛋数（19～66周龄）Egg production of housed chickens (19-66 weeks)/个	276～286
饲养日产蛋数（19～66周龄）Daily egg production (19-66 weeks)/个	281～295
产蛋总重（19～66周龄）Total egg production weight (19-66 weeks)/kg	17.8～18.7
平均蛋重（19～66周龄）Average egg weight (19-66 weeks)/g	60.5～62.5
43周龄蛋壳强度43 week eggshell strength/(kg•cm^-2)	4.0
产蛋期成活率（18～66周龄）Survival rate during egg laying period (18-66 weeks)/%	>94
产蛋期料蛋比（18～66周龄）Egg feed ratio during egg laying period (18-66 weeks)	2.15:1
66周龄体重Weight at 66 weeks of age/kg	1.9～2.2
合格种蛋数（25～66周龄）Number of qualified eggs (25-66 weeks)/个	230～240
受精率（25～66周龄）Fertilization rate (25-66 weeks)/%	94～97
入孵蛋孵化率（25～66周龄）Hatching rate of eggs (25-66 weeks)/%	≥87

项目Items	性能测定数据Performance measurement data	中间试验数据Intermediate experimental data
育雏育成期（0～18周龄）成活率Survival rate of chicks during the incubation period (0-18 weeks)/%	98.2	98
产蛋期（19～72周龄）平均只鸡日耗料The average daily feed consumption of each chicken during the egg laying period (19-22 weeks)/g	88	89
成年（43周龄）体重Adult (43 weeks) Body weight/kg	1.54	1.52
达50%产蛋率日龄Age at 50% egg production rate /d	146	148
入舍鸡产蛋数（19～72周龄)Egg production of housed chickens (19-72 weeks)/个	284.7	282.7
饲养日产蛋数（19～72周龄）Daily egg production (19-72 weeks)/个	288.5	285.7
平均蛋重（19～72周龄）Average egg weight (19-72 weeks)/g	50.3	50.3
产蛋总重（19～72周龄）Total egg production weight (19-72 weeks)/kg	14.51	14.42
43周龄蛋壳强度43 week eggshell strength/(kg•cm^-2)	4.51	4.08
产蛋期成活率（19～72周龄）Survival rate during egg laying period (19-72 weeks)/%	96.1	95.9
料蛋比Ratio of feed to egg	2.28:1	2.32:1
72周龄体重Weight at 72 weeks of age/kg	1.65	1.60