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王胜炯(1975—),男,高级畜牧师,研究方向:肉牛繁殖技术推广,E-mail:641858407@qq.com。 |
收稿日期: 2026-02-11
网络出版日期: 2026-07-18
基金资助
国家现代农业产业技术体系四川肉牛创新团队项目(SCCXTD-2026-13)
四川省财政运行专项科研项目(SASA2026CZYX003)
Effects of weaning stress on ruminants and its mitigation measures
Received date: 2026-02-11
Online published: 2026-07-18
断奶应激是幼龄反刍动物在断奶期间因亲子分离、日粮突变、环境重组等多重因素诱发的综合性生理反应,引发心理、生理及免疫三重应激,进而对生长性能和免疫系统产生直接且长期的影响。本文从以下三个方面系统阐述断奶应激的危害:生产性能方面,一次性断奶方式及断奶时机不当(日龄、体重、采食量未达标)导致采食量锐减,体重增长停滞甚至负增长,出栏时间延迟;消化吸收功能方面,饲料由乳糖、乳脂骤然转为固体日粮,导致淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶等关键消化酶活性下降,肠道屏障受损、通透性增加,消化吸收不良,并诱发氧化应激加剧;免疫功能方面,母乳来源的免疫球蛋白、溶菌酶等被动免疫中断,而主动免疫尚未健全,加之环境重组引发的社交应激,使整体抵抗力下降,呼吸道和消化道感染风险显著增加。针对上述问题,本文提出三种缓解途径:药物治疗上,基于禁抗背景,饲喂适量中草药或植物提取物是安全有效的缓解途径。黄芪水提物、黄芪甲苷等单一成分可增强免疫与抗氧化能力,可提高日增重;复方制剂(如黄芪‑当归‑甘草)能降低皮质醇、修复肠黏膜,改善肠黏膜结构形态和肠道健康;岩藻多糖、丁香酚等可提升消化酶活性与抗氧化水平。营养调控上,通过科学配比精粗饲料促进瘤胃发育,利用菜粕、棉粕替代部分豆粕保障蛋白供给;补充复合益生菌及乳酸菌、双歧杆菌等,调节肠道菌群、改善免疫与吸收功能;对应激明显的幼畜补充电解质与葡萄糖,有效减轻消化紊乱与生长抑制。管理优化上,稳定圈舍温湿度、控制饲养密度并定期消毒,减少转群、运输等非必要应激操作;采用逐步断奶模式,参照日龄、体重及采食量达标指标,避免一次性断奶的剧烈冲击;断奶初期以围栏隔离母幼,可保留视觉与嗅觉接触,缓解分离焦虑与心理应激,从而提升幼畜增重与健康水平;在断奶过渡期循序渐进调整代乳料与开食料比例,避免突然换料。综上,断奶应激是多因素协同导致的系统性问题,综合运用药物替代、营养调控和管理优化,可系统性缓解其对幼畜生长与健康的负面影响,为反刍动物健康养殖提供实践参考。
王胜炯 , 邓小东 , 方东辉 , 石溢 , 马晓琴 , 陈晓云 , 陈莹 , 曹瑞娟 , 约达阿果 . 断奶应激对反刍动物的影响及缓解措施[J]. 中国畜禽种业, 2026 , 22(7) : 69 -76 . DOI: 10.19543/j.cnki.1673-4556.20260629.002
Weaning stress in young ruminants is a comprehensive physiological response induced by multiple factors during the weaning period, including mother–offspring separation, sudden dietary changes, and environmental reorganization. It triggers psychological, physiological, and immune stress responses, thereby exerting both immediate and long-term effects on growth performance and the immune system. This paper systematically elaborates on the detrimental effects of weaning stress from three aspects. Regarding production performance, abrupt (one-step) weaning and inappropriate weaning timing—such as failing to meet the required age, body weight, or feed intake—lead to a sharp decline in feed consumption, stagnation or even negative growth in body weight, and delayed market weight. Concerning digestive and absorptive function, the abrupt transition from a milk-based diet (lactose and milk fat) to solid feeds results in decreased activities of key digestive enzymes, including amylase and trypsin, impaired intestinal barrier integrity, increased intestinal permeability, poor digestion and absorption, and exacerbated oxidative stress. In terms of immune function, the withdrawal of passively transferred immunoglobulins, lysozyme, and other protective factors from maternal milk, coupled with an immature active immune system and social stress arising from environmental reorganization, leads to an overall decline in disease resistance and significantly increases the risk of respiratory and digestive tract infections. To address these issues, this paper proposes three mitigation strategies. In pharmacotherapy, given the context of antibiotic prohibition, dietary supplementation with appropriate Chinese herbal medicines or plant extracts provides a safe and effective alleviation approach. Single compounds such as Astragalus aqueous extract and astragaloside IV can enhance immune and antioxidant capacity and improve average daily gain. Compound formulations (e.g., Astragalus–angelica–glycyrrhiza) can reduce cortisol levels, repair intestinal mucosa, improve mucosal morphology and intestinal health, while fucoidan and eugenol can elevate digestive enzyme activities and antioxidant levels. In nutritional regulation, scientifically formulated concentrate-to-forage ratios promote rumen development, and the use of rapeseed meal and cottonseed meal as partial replacements for soybean meal ensures protein supply. Supplementation with composite probiotics, including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, modulates gut microbiota and improves immune function and nutrient absorption. For animals exhibiting pronounced stress responses, electrolyte and glucose supplementation effectively alleviates digestive disturbances and growth suppression. In management optimization, maintaining stable pen temperature and humidity, controlling stocking density, regular disinfection, and minimizing unnecessary stressful procedures such as regrouping and transport are essential. Adoption of gradual weaning protocols, based on age, body weight, and feed intake thresholds, avoids the severe impact of abrupt weaning. In the early weaning phase, housing calves in pens adjacent to dams with continued visual and olfactory contact can alleviate separation anxiety and psychological stress, thereby improving weight gain and health status. During the transition period, the ratio of milk replacer to starter feed should be adjusted progressively to avoid sudden feed changes. In conclusion, weaning stress is a systemic issue arising from the synergistic action of multiple factors. The integrated application of alternative pharmacotherapies, nutritional regulation, and management optimization can systematically mitigate its negative effects on young animal growth and health, providing practical references for healthy ruminant production.
Key words: Weaning stress; Ruminant animals; Growth performance
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