本文以吉林省肉牛遗传改良工作为例，系统总结其在政策落实、选种选育、繁育体系建设、人才队伍汇聚及创新平台搭建等方面取得的实践成效，通过多元品种资源构建差异化改良路径，落实多项扶持政策，建成多个国家级核心育种场和种公牛站，良种化程度位居全国前列，成为我国肉牛遗传改良的重要标杆。同时映射出我国在推进肉牛遗传改良过程中存在专门管理机构不健全、专业育种组织缺失、专精技术人才不足等共性问题，制约了种业核心竞争力提升与种源自主可控推进。立足肉牛育种周期长、投入大、公益性强的产业规律与国家种源安全战略需求，针对性地提出四项对策建议：一是强化各级行业主管部门统筹领导，健全层级落实与全链条监管机制，推动工作落地见效；二是鼓励构建全社会共同参与的育种组织体系，依托协会统筹、企业主体、科研支撑，形成协同发力格局；三是打造金字塔型专业化技术人才队伍，通过引进、培养、扶持，补齐基层实操与高端领军人才短板；四是建立长期稳定的政策与资金保障机制，破解育种投入不足、周期漫长的难题，以期为完善全国肉牛遗传改良体系、提升种源自主可控能力、推动肉牛产业高质量发展提供参考与借鉴。

This paper takes the genetic improvement of beef cattle in Jilin province as a case study, systematically summarizing the practical achievements made in policy implementation, selection and breeding practices, breeding system construction, talent cultivation and innovation platform building. By developing differentiated improvement pathways based on diverse breed resources, implementing multiple support policies, and establishing multiple national core breeding farms and bull stations, Jilin has achieved one of the highest levels of breed improvement in China, and has become an important benchmark for beef cattle genetic improvement nationwide. At the same time, the case reflects a number of common challenges in advancing genetic improvement of beef cattle in China, such as the lack of sound specialized administrative institutions, the absence of professional breeding organizations, and the shortage of highly skilled technical personnels, which constrain the enhancement of the core competitiveness of the breeding sector and progress toward greater self-reliance in and control over germplasm resources. Considering the long breeding cycle substantial investment requirements, and public-good nature of beef cattle breeding, together with the national strategic need for germplasm security, four targeted policy recommendations are proposed. First, it is to strengthen the unified leadership of industry authorities at all levels, improve the hierarchical implementation and full-chain supervision mechanism, and promote the implementation of work. Second, it is to encourage the construction of a breeding organization system with the participation of the whole society, with industry associations playing a coordinating role, enterprises serving as the main actors, and research institutions providing scientific support, to form a collaborative force. Third, it is to establish a pyramid-structured technical workforce, through introduction, cultivation, and support, to address shortages in both grassroots technical personnel and high-level leading experts. Fourth, it is to establish a long-term and stable policy and financial guarantee mechanism to solve the problems of insufficient breeding investment and long breeding cycles. It is hoped that this study will provide a useful reference for improving China's beef cattle genetic improvement system, enhancing the ability of self-controlled seed sources, and promoting the high-quality development of the beef cattle industry.